1. Biochemistry

2. Chemistry of Life All living things are made of Carbon Organic Chemistry- branch of chemistry devoted to studying carbon and the bonds Carbon makes Organic Compound- contains carbon covalently bonded to other atoms

3. Why Carbon? 4 Valence e- means 4 different bonds Carbon can bond with itself (single, double,or triple) Can form different shapes when bonding

4. Shapes give C ability to form millions of different combinations

5. Carbon Molecules Monomer- basic building block, single molecule that can bond to each other Polymer- many monomers linked together Macromolecule- “giant molecule”; many polymers linked together

7. How large molecules are formed Condensation Reactions- reaction used to link monomers together –In the process, also makes a water molecule

8. Large to small Hydrolysis- breaks off monomers from large polymer –One water molecule is needed for every piece broken off –Exact opposite of Condensation reactions

9. Macromolecules of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

10. Carbohydrates Function- main energy source Made of- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen –Found in 1:2:1 ratio –Example- 6C:12H:6O

11. Categories of Carbs Monosaccharide- the monomer of carbohydrates; simple sugar –Example- glucose, fructose

12. Isomer- two molecules having the same formula, but are shaped differently

13. Disaccharide- two monomers linked together; double sugar –Example- sucrose Polysaccharide- many monomers linked together –Example- starch, cellulose

14. Lipids Function- energy storage Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Large, nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water

15. Most common Lipid Fatty Acid- unbranched carbon chain –Has two different ends One end loves water- hydrophilic One end hates (fears) water- hydrophobic Water loving end Water fearing end

16. Types of Lipids 1. Triglyceride- molecule made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol –Hear a lot with levels in blood

17. 2. Phospholipid- molecule made of 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a glycerol –Used to make membranes

18. 3. Wax- type of structural lipid, long fatty acid chain joined with alcohol 4. Steroids- molecule containing 4 fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached Chloresterol

19. Proteins Function- involved with all cell functions; individual function depends on type of protein Made of- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen There are 5 different categories of proteins Function of each type is based on structure

20. Building Blocks of Proteins Amino acid- name of the 20 different types of monomers used to build proteins Peptide bond- name of bond holding together two amino acids

21. Dipeptide- two amino acids linked together Polypeptide- many amino acids linked together

22. Nucleic Acids Function- store and transmit genetic information Made of- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus –Very large, complex molecule

23. Forms Two Major Types of Nucleic Acids –DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid –RNA- ribonucleic acid Building block (monomer) for Nucleic acids- Nucleotide Nucleotide- made of sugar, phosphate, and base

24. Nucleotides DNA Nucleotides- has four different nucleotides (A,T,C,G) RNA Nucleotides- has four different nucleotides (A,U,C,G)