1. Advance Grammar 2 Engl206 M.Abuthuhayr1

2. Lecture 1 Modals: Here's a list of the modal verbs in English: cancouldmaymightwill wouldmustshallshouldought to M.Abuthuhayr2

3. Modal Forms Modal Simple I could swim at the beach. Modal Continuous I could be swimming at the beach right now. Modal Perfect I could have swum at the beach yesterday. Modal Perfect Continuous I could have been swimming at the beach instead of working in the office. Passive Modal Simple The room should be cleaned once a day. Passive Modal Continuous The room should be being cleaned now. Passive Modal Perfect The room should have been cleaned yesterday. Passive Modal Perfect Continuous The room should have been being cleaned but nobody was there. (Rare form) M.Abuthuhayr3

4. Can UseExamples ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to) I can speak English. permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) Can I go to the cinema? requestCan you wait a moment, please? offerI can lend you my car till tomorrow. suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend? possibilityIt can get very hot in Arizona M.Abuthuhayr4

5. could UseExamples ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to) I could speak English. permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to) I could go to the cinema. polite question *Could I go to the cinema, please? polite request *Could you wait a moment, please? polite offer *I could lend you my car till tomorrow. polite suggestion * Could we visit Grandma at the weekend? possibility *It could get very hot in Montana M.Abuthuhayr5

6. may UseExamples possibilityIt may rain today. permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) May I go to the cinema? polite suggestionMay I help you? M.Abuthuhayr6

7. might UseExamples possibility (less possible than may) *It might rain today. hesitant offer *Might I help you? UseExamples M.Abuthuhayr7

8. must not/may not UseExamples force, necessityI must go to the supermarket today. possibilityYou must be tired. advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt must UseExamples prohibition (must is a little stronger) You mustn't work on dad's computer. You may not work on dad's computer M.Abuthuhayr8

9. ought to simliar to should – ought to sounds a little less subjective UseExamples sth. is not necessary I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight. need not UseExamples advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather. obligation You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room M.Abuthuhayr9

10. should UseExamples suggestionShall I carry your bag? shall used instead of will in the 1st person UseExamples advice You should drive carefully in bad weather. obligation You should switch off the light when you leave the room. M.Abuthuhayr10

11. Would UseExamples wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would) Will you please shut the door? prediction, assumptionI think it will rain on Friday. promiseI will stop smoking. spontaneous decision Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will. habits She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking Will UseExamples wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please? habits in the past Sometimes he would bring me some flowers M.Abuthuhayr11