1. Organic Chemistry Nomenclature: Alkanes

2. Alkanes Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE bondsHydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE bonds Name uses the ending –aneName uses the ending –ane Examples: Methane, Propane, Butane, Octane, 2-methylpentaneExamples: Methane, Propane, Butane, Octane, 2-methylpentane

3. Summary: IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature 1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain. This is called the parent chain. (Examples: methane, propane, etc.) 2. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest an attached group (substituent). 2. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest an attached group (substituent). 3. Identify and name groups attached to this chain. (Examples: methyl-, bromo-, etc.) 3. Identify and name groups attached to this chain. (Examples: methyl-, bromo-, etc.) 4. Designate the location of each substituent group with the number of the carbon parent chain on which the group is attached. Place a dash between numbers and letters. (Example: 3-chloropentane) 4. Designate the location of each substituent group with the number of the carbon parent chain on which the group is attached. Place a dash between numbers and letters. (Example: 3-chloropentane) 5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing. Place a comma between multiple numbers. (Example: 2,3-dichloropropane) 5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing. Place a comma between multiple numbers. (Example: 2,3-dichloropropane)

4. Step 1. Find the parent chain. Where is the longest continuous chain of carbons?Where is the longest continuous chain of carbons?

5. Prefixes for # of Carbons 1Meth6Hex 2Eth7Hept 3Prop8Oct 4But9Non 5Pent10Dec

6. Endings Alkanes (all C-C single bonded parent chain) end in –aneAlkanes (all C-C single bonded parent chain) end in –ane –Methane CH 4 –Ethane C 2 H 6 –Propane C 3 H 8 Attached carbon groups (substituents) end in –ylAttached carbon groups (substituents) end in –yl –Methyl CH 3 - –Ethyl CH 3 CH 2 - –Propyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 – –Propyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 – 3-ethylpentane

7. Step 2. Number the parent chain. Number the parent chain so that the attached groups are on the lowest numbers 1 2 3 4 5 Methyl is on carbon #2 of the parent chain 5 4 3 2 1 Methyl is on carbon #4 of the parent chain GREEN is the right way for this one! 1 2 3 7 8 4 5 6 8 7 6 2 1 5 4 3 Groups on 2, 3, and 5 Groups on 4, 6, and 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Groups on 2 and 5 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Groups on 3 and 6

8. Step 3. Name the attached groups. Carbon (alkyl) groupsCarbon (alkyl) groups –Methyl CH 3 - –Ethyl CH 3 CH 2 - –Propyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 – HalogensHalogens –Fluoro (F-) –Chloro (Cl-) –Bromo (Br-) –Iodo (I-)

9. Step 4. Designate where the group is attached to the parent chain. Use the numbers of the parent chain from step 2 to designate the location of the attached groups to the parent chain. 1 2 3 4 5 2-methyl

10. Step 5. Alphabetize the groups, combine like groups, and assemble. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kindThe prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind Prefixes are not considered when alphabetizing (Example: dimethyl = m for alphabetizing)Prefixes are not considered when alphabetizing (Example: dimethyl = m for alphabetizing) Parent chain goes LASTParent chain goes LAST 1,1,1-trichloro-1- fluoromethane 1,1-dichloro-1,1- difluoromethane

11. Draw Some Simple Alkanes 2-methylpentane2-methylpentane 3-ethylhexane3-ethylhexane 2,2-dimethylbutane2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane2,3-dimethylbutane

12. Structural Formulas “Lazy” way to write the Hydrogens Instead of drawing the bonds, just state how many hydrogens are attached NOTE: The bonds are between CARBONS in a parent chain, and not hydrogens! Structural Formula Lewis Structure

14. hexanes C 6 H 14 common names CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 n-hexane isohexane CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CCH 2 CH 3 ????? CH 3 neohexane CH 3 CH 3 CHCHCH 3 CH 3 ????

15. IUPAC nomenclature (Geneva, 1920) names of radicals (alkyl groups): CH 3 - “methyl”CH 3 Cl methyl chloride CH 3 OH methyl alcohol, etc. CH 3 CH 2 - “ethyl” CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 - “n-propyl”CH 3 CHCH 3 “isopropyl” |

16. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 - “n-butyl” CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 3 or CH 3 CH 2 CH- “sec-butyl” | CH 3 CH 3 CHCH 2 -“isobutyl” CH 3 CH 3 CCH 3 “tert-butyl” |

17. Alkanes

19. hexanes C 6 H 14 IUPAC names CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 (n-hexane) (isohexane) n-hexane2-methylpentane CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CCH 2 CH 3 (no common name) CH 3 3-methylpentane (neohexane) 2,2-dimethylbutane CH 3 CH 3 CHCHCH 3 CH 3 (no common name) 2,3-dimethylbutane

20. Alkanes

21. Physical Properties

22. Boiling points

23. Boiling Points of Alkanes

24. Isomers Straight chain alkanes: An alkane that has all its carbons connected in a row. Straight chain alkanes: An alkane that has all its carbons connected in a row. Branched chain alkanes: An alkane that has a branching connection of carbons. Branched chain alkanes: An alkane that has a branching connection of carbons. Isomers: Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures. Isomers: Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures.

25. Alkanenameisomers CH 4 methane 1 C 2 H 6 ethane 1 C 3 H 8 propane 1 C 4 H 10 butanes 2 C 5 H 12 pentanes 3 C 6 H 14 hexanes 5 C 7 H 16 heptanes 9 C 8 H 18 octanes 18 C 9 H 20 nonanes 35 C 10 H 22 decanes 75 ……. C 20 H 42 eicosanes 366,319 each new common name requires a new prefix…

26. There is only one possible way that the carbons in methane (CH 4 ), ethane (C 2 H 6 ), and propane (C 3 H 8 ) can be arranged. There is only one possible way that the carbons in methane (CH 4 ), ethane (C 2 H 6 ), and propane (C 3 H 8 ) can be arranged.

28. However, carbons in butane (C 4 H 10 ) can be arranged in two ways; four carbons in a row (linear alkane) or a branching (branched alkane). These two structures are two isomers for butane.

29. Different isomers are completely different compounds. They have different structures, different physical properties such as melting point and boiling point, and may have different physiological properties.Different isomers are completely different compounds. They have different structures, different physical properties such as melting point and boiling point, and may have different physiological properties.

30. Learning Check Draw all possible structural isomers of C 5 H 12

31. Types of Carbon Atoms Primary carbon (1 o )Primary carbon (1 o ) –a carbon bonded to one other carbon one other carbon Secondary carbon (2 o )Secondary carbon (2 o ) –a carbon bonded to two other carbons two other carbons Tertiary carbon (3 o )Tertiary carbon (3 o ) –a carbon bonded to three other carbons three other carbons

33. Alkanes Example: Name the following compounds:

34. Alkanes Example: Write the condensed structure for the following compounds: 3,3-dimethylpentane2-methyl-4-sec-butyloctane1,2-dichloro-3-methylheptane

35. Environmental transformations When released in the environment, alkanes don't undergo rapid biodegradation, because they have no functional groups (like hydroxyl or carbonyl) that are needed by most organisms in order to metabolize the compound.hydroxylcarbonyl However, some bacteria can metabolize some alkanes (especially those linear and short), by oxidizing the terminal carbon atom. The product is an alcohol, that could be next oxidized to an aldehyde, and finally to a carboxylic acid. The resulting fatty acid could be metabolized through the fatty acid degradation pathway.oxidizingalcoholaldehydecarboxylic acidfatty acidfatty acid degradation

36. Hazards Methane is explosive when mixed with air (1 – 8% CH 4 ). Other lower alkanes can also form explosive mixtures with air. The lighter liquid alkanes are highly flammable, although this risk decreases with the length of the carbon chain. Pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane are classed as dangerous for the environment and harmful. The straight-chain isomer of hexane is a neurotoxin.neurotoxin Considerations for detection /risk control: –Methane is lighter than air (possibility of accumulation on roofs) –Ethane is slightly Heavier than air (possibility of pooling at ground levels / pits) –Propane is Heavier than air (possibility of pooling at ground levels / pits) –Butane is Heavier than air (possibility of pooling at ground levels / pits)

37. Assignment Reaction of Alkene. –Reactions with oxygen (combustion reaction) –Reactions with halogens