1. Biochemistry
An Introduction to the Chemistry of Life for Biology Students

2. Composition of living matter
“Living things are composed of lifeless molecules” (Albert Lehninger)
“Chemistry is the logic of biological phenomena” (Garrett and Grisham)

3. Organisms are complicated and highly organized
Biological structures serve functional purposes
Living systems are actively engaged in energy transformations
Living systems have a remarkable capacity for self-replication

4. Biomolecules: The Molecules of Life
H, O, C and N make up 99% of atoms in the human body
ELEMENT PERCENTAGE
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen

5. Common in biosystems
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)

7. What property unites H, O, C and N and renders these atoms so appropriate to the chemistry of life?
Answer: Their ability to form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing.

9. Types of chemical bonds
Covalent bonds
Common in biosystems
Share a pair of electrons
Ionic Bonds
Transfer an electron
Opposite charges attract

10. Types of Chemical Bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Weak partial bonds
Water surface tension
Van der Waals forces
Weak

11. Functional groups

12. Simple Molecules are the Units for Building Complex Structures
Metabolites and Macromolecules
Organelles
Membranes
The Unit of Life is the Cell

14. Primary Organic Compounds (macromolecules)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
You are expected to learn the structure and functions of these organic compounds:

15. Polymers ands Monomers
Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers.
Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of monomer.

16. Monomers Macromolecule Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Monomer ( biomolecule) Monosaccharide Not always polymers; Hydrocarbon chains Amino acids Nucleotides

17. How do monomers form polymers?
In condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.

19. Hydrolysis
In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in two.

21. Properties of Biomolecules
Macromolecules and Their Building Blocks Have a “Sense” or Directionality
Macromolecules are Informational
Biomolecules Have Characteristic Three- Dimensional Architecture
Weak Forces Maintain Biological Structure and Determine Biomolecular Interactions

22. Cell hierarchy Biomolecules combine to form macromolecules.
And macromolecules combine non covalently to form supramolecules, such as:
Supramolecule
Biomolecules
Biomolecule
Lipo proteins
lipids
proteins
Ribosomes
Nucleic acids
Glycolipids
Sugar

23. Cell hierarchy
Finally, at the higher level of organization of the cell structure, supramolecules are further assembled into call organelles. ( Nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc..)

24. Macromolecules: a) Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things.
The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose.

25. Carbohydrates What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean?
Each of these roots can be added to the word saccharide to describe the type of carbohydrate you have.

26. How do two monosaccharides combine to make a polysaccharide?

27. Polysaccharides

28. Lipids
Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.

29. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

30. Proteins
Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make .
A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis.

32. Protein Structure Level Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
Description The amino acid sequence Helices and Sheets Disulfide bridges Multiple polypeptides connect