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Biochemistry An Introduction to the Chemistry of Life for Biology Students
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Composition of living matter
“Living things are composed of lifeless molecules” (Albert Lehninger) “Chemistry is the logic of biological phenomena” (Garrett and Grisham)
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Organisms are complicated and highly organized
Biological structures serve functional purposes Living systems are actively engaged in energy transformations Living systems have a remarkable capacity for self-replication
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Biomolecules: The Molecules of Life
H, O, C and N make up 99% of atoms in the human body ELEMENT PERCENTAGE Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen
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Common in biosystems Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H)
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What property unites H, O, C and N and renders these atoms so appropriate to the chemistry of life?
Answer: Their ability to form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing.
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Types of chemical bonds
Covalent bonds Common in biosystems Share a pair of electrons Ionic Bonds Transfer an electron Opposite charges attract
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Types of Chemical Bonds
Hydrogen bonds Weak partial bonds Water surface tension Van der Waals forces Weak
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Functional groups
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Simple Molecules are the Units for Building Complex Structures
Metabolites and Macromolecules Organelles Membranes The Unit of Life is the Cell
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Primary Organic Compounds (macromolecules)
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids You are expected to learn the structure and functions of these organic compounds:
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Polymers ands Monomers
Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers. Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of monomer.
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Monomers Macromolecule Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Monomer ( biomolecule) Monosaccharide Not always polymers; Hydrocarbon chains Amino acids Nucleotides
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How do monomers form polymers?
In condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.
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Hydrolysis In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in two.
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Properties of Biomolecules
Macromolecules and Their Building Blocks Have a “Sense” or Directionality Macromolecules are Informational Biomolecules Have Characteristic Three- Dimensional Architecture Weak Forces Maintain Biological Structure and Determine Biomolecular Interactions
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Cell hierarchy Biomolecules combine to form macromolecules.
And macromolecules combine non covalently to form supramolecules, such as: Supramolecule Biomolecules Biomolecule Lipo proteins lipids proteins Ribosomes Nucleic acids Glycolipids Sugar
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Cell hierarchy Finally, at the higher level of organization of the cell structure, supramolecules are further assembled into call organelles. ( Nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc..)
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Macromolecules: a) Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things. The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose.
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Carbohydrates What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean?
Each of these roots can be added to the word saccharide to describe the type of carbohydrate you have.
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How do two monosaccharides combine to make a polysaccharide?
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Polysaccharides
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Lipids Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat
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Proteins Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make . A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis.
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Protein Structure Level Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
Description The amino acid sequence Helices and Sheets Disulfide bridges Multiple polypeptides connect
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