1. © Phil Hurvitz, 20011 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming by Phil Hurvitz GIS Specialist, UW-College of Forest Resources Principal, Northwest Geospatial, LLP presented at 55th Annual Conference Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association with the National Shellfisheries Association - Pacific Coast Section West Coast Silverdale Hotel Silverdale, Washington September 20-22, 2001

2. © Phil Hurvitz, 20012 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Overview Introduction to GIS technology Example of GIS analysis for geoduck biomass estimation on a commercial farm

3. © Phil Hurvitz, 20013 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Introduction to GIS technology What is GIS What can GIS do What are the essential parts of a GIS GIS data & data models

4. © Phil Hurvitz, 20014 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming What is GIS GIS is an integrated system for capture storage management analysis display of spatially referenced data

5. © Phil Hurvitz, 20015 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming What is GIS Spatially referencing and integrated spatial database for storage of spatial data Relational database management system for storage of tabular information about spatial features Spatial analysis engine

6. © Phil Hurvitz, 20016 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming What is GIS

7. © Phil Hurvitz, 20017 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming What is GIS Q: Why should this be important to shellfish growers? A: All shellfish growing activities are ultimately tied to a location. GIS links information to specific locations.

8. © Phil Hurvitz, 20018 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming What can GIS do Capture, store and manage spatial features Shellfish bed locations Biological sampling locations Transects Plots Bathymetry Aquatic vegetation patches Any other mapped or mapable features

9. © Phil Hurvitz, 20019 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming What can GIS do Store and manage spatially referenced data Shellfish bed types (species, year of planting, etc.) Biological sampling measurements Biomass, shell length, density, etc. Aquatic vegetation type (species, etc.) Any other measurable data tied to location

10. © Phil Hurvitz, 200110 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming What can GIS do Analyze spatially referenced data Determine areas of treatment Calculate overlap of areas of mixed treatment Predict spatial/environmental processes Integrate and model vast amounts of information from different sources

11. © Phil Hurvitz, 200111 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming GIS data models Vector data Point (discrete point features) Line (linear features or events) Polygon (bounded areas) Raster data Digital orthophoto; satellite imagery Digital elevation model

12. © Phil Hurvitz, 200112 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Raster: scanned & georeferenced image

13. © Phil Hurvitz, 200113 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Raster: scanned & georeferenced image

14. © Phil Hurvitz, 200114 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming

15. © Phil Hurvitz, 200115 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Vector: polygon (geoduck bed boundaries) bed boundaries

16. © Phil Hurvitz, 200116 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Vector: polygon (bed boundaries) information (planting year) tied to location

17. © Phil Hurvitz, 200117 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Vector: line (sampling transects)

18. © Phil Hurvitz, 200118 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Vector: point (GPS locations)

19. © Phil Hurvitz, 200119 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Vector: point (biological sampling locations)

20. © Phil Hurvitz, 200120 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Spatial data tied to location this point has these data

21. © Phil Hurvitz, 200121 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming ArcView GIS demonstration

22. © Phil Hurvitz, 200122 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming A working GIS integrates five key components: methods people, and data, software, hardware,

23. © Phil Hurvitz, 200123 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Example of GIS analysis for geoduck biomass estimation on a commercial farm Compare “traditional” method of biomass against spatially explicit method Interpolation/prediction of measurements across space 3-dimensional visualization of measurements

24. © Phil Hurvitz, 200124 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Traditional line transect method Transects laid out 1 m 2 plots established at regular interval Expansion factor calculated to estimate biomass of entire bed

25. © Phil Hurvitz, 200125 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Problems with line transect method Transects may not capture enough spatial heterogeneity of bed Plot arrangement may not be conducive to spatial extrapolation Result: underestimation or overestimation of biomass

26. © Phil Hurvitz, 200126 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Typical transect layout

27. © Phil Hurvitz, 200127 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming GIS-generated scattered grid layout

28. © Phil Hurvitz, 200128 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Geoduck counts for 1 m 2 plots Forged* (scattered plots) Samples: 30 points Mean: 23 Maximum: 47 Minimum: 3 Range: 44 Variance: 178 Standard Deviation: 13 * random counts {0, 47} Actual (line transect) Samples: 30 points Mean: 25 Maximum: 47 Minimum: 0 Range: 47 Variance: 225 Standard Deviation: 15

29. © Phil Hurvitz, 200129 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Expanded counts from 1 m 2 plots Area of polygon: 7118 m 2 Line transect Mean count: 25 clams/m 2 7118 m 2 * 25 clams/m 2 = 177950 clams on bed Grid Mean count: 23 clams/m 2 7118 m 2 * 23 clams/m 2 = 163714 clams on bed

30. © Phil Hurvitz, 200130 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming GIS surface generation technique Values are taken from point samples Interpolates a surface between points Surface indicates trends between and beyond actual samples Predicts values where measurements have not been taken

31. © Phil Hurvitz, 200131 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming GIS surface generation technique Values of count of clams per plot

32. © Phil Hurvitz, 200132 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming GIS surface generation technique “Spline” analysis Creates a continuous surface based on field measurements 1 m 2 cell size Models variation between measurements Assigns interpolated count per cell

33. © Phil Hurvitz, 200133 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming GIS surface generation technique Estimated value per cell is summed Estimated count based on surface analysis: 160460 clams in entire bed

34. © Phil Hurvitz, 200134 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Comparison of calculated counts 160460 163714 177950 Estimated Count Surface Scattered Transect Method

35. © Phil Hurvitz, 200135 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming What is the benefit of GIS in this example? Interpolated surface can tell much more about spatial heterogeneity Possible to estimate biomass at location that was not sampled Possible to gain integrated understanding of site

36. © Phil Hurvitz, 200136 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming 3D Modeling of Site Visualization of biomass across site Where are values high and where are values low? Why does the variation exist?

37. © Phil Hurvitz, 200137 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming 3D Modeling of Site Other contributing environmental effects?

38. © Phil Hurvitz, 200138 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems and their Potential Uses as Management Tools in Commercial Shellfish Farming Questions? Contact Phil Hurvitz phil@nwgeospatial.com