1. 1.) *Experiment* 2.) Quasi-Experiment 3.) Correlation 4.) Naturalistic Observation 5.) Case Study 6.) Survey Research

2.  Research method in which investigator manipulates variable (independent variable) under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in second variable (dependent variable)  Most common procedure ◦ Why?

3.  Independent Variable (IV)- Condition or event experimenter varies to see impact on another variable (dependent variable).  Dependent Variable (DV)- Variable thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. ◦ Outcome measure

4.  Experimental Group(s)- Participants here receive some special treatment with regards to the independent variable  Control Group – Similar participants not receiving special treatment given to experimental group  ***Want groups to be the same on everything except for independent variable***

5.  Summary  Examples ◦ Sample experiment studying effects of alcohol on memory ◦ Sample experiment studying effects of coffee on sleep

6.  Again want groups similar in every way except for IV ◦ Why might this be difficult?  Extraneous variables (Confounds)- Any variable other than IV that seems likely to influence DV  Examples of possible confounds in research

7.  How does research correct for possible confounds  Random assignment- All subjects have equal chance of being assigned to any group in study.

8.  Advantages: ◦ Cause and Effect ◦ Control  Disadvantages: ◦ Artificial ◦ Can’t be used to study every question

9.  An experiment done in a tougher situation ◦ Groups naturally exist ◦ Cannot do random assignment  Example situations

10.  Research that studies the relationship between 2 variables. ◦ Example studies  Relationship can be positive or negative  Positive- Variables change in same direction; as one increases, other increases ◦ Example variables  Negative- Variables change in opposite direction; as one increases, other decreases ◦ Example variables

11.  Correlation Coefficient- A number computed telling how strong the relationship between two variables is. ◦ Ranges from -1 to +1 ◦ Sign tells if relationship positive or negative  Positive (+)  Negative (-)  # tells strength

12.  Can be used for prediction  No cause and effect relationship ◦ We cannot say one variable causes other ◦ WHY?

13.  Researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervention ◦ Examples  What could you see as potential limitation?

14.  In depth investigation of single subject or person ◦ Thorough interviews, observation, testing  When is this typically done?

15.  Researcher distributes questionnaires to gather information about specific aspects of individual behavior or background  Advantages  Disadvantages