1. Respiratory System

2. Main Gases of the Atmosphere
Gas Symbol Approximate %
Nitrogen N
Oxygen O
Carbon Dioxide CO
Water Vapor H2O

3. Pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship
Boyle’s Law
Pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship
P1V1=P2V2
As Volume increases pressure of the gas decreases
As Volume decreases pressure increases

4. Practice Equations
A gas occupies 12.3 liters at a pressure of 40.0 mm Hg. What is the volume when the pressure is increased to 60.0 mm Hg?
A sample of gas has a volume of 12.0 L and a pressure of 1.00 atm. If the pressure of gas is increased to 2.00 atm, what is the new volume of the gas?

5. Boyle’s Law and Breathing
Inspiration- Diaphragm contracts
Lung volume increases
what happens to the pressure
inside the lungs?
Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes- Lung volume
decreases- what happens to
pressure?

6. Boyle’s Equation PV = k (constant)
Eupnea: normal, quiet breathing at a rate of 12 to 20 breaths per minute in adults.
How do we breath?

7. Explain Inspiration (inhale) Expiration (exhale) Role of:
Diaphragm, Intercostal Muscles, Ribs
Volume of Lungs- Pressure inside/outside

8. Anatomy Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Primary bronchus (2) Lungs
Respiratory membranes

9. Upper Respiratory Tract
nose
oral cavity
throat
pharynx
larynx
trachea

10. Lower Respiratory Tract
Sometimes includes the larynx and trachea

11. Nose: warms and filters air
Divided by nasal septum
Separated from oral cavity by plate
Lined with mucus
Note location of olfactory bulb

12. Pharynx: Throat
Muscular Tube-
Contains:
Tonsils
Respiration only

13. Larynx: Voice Box Contains Thyroid cartlidge (Adams apple)
Glottis and epiglottis
Vocal Folds- vocal cords

14. Trachea: windpipe Contains Ciliated mucosa Cartilaginous rings-
Tracheotomy:

15. Primary Bronchi (x2) Extension of the trachea Right: wider, shorter
Rt- more common for obstruction

16. Lungs: Note differences between right and left. Why?

17. When You Breath enters the body through the nose or the mouth
travels down the throat through the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe)
goes into the lungs through tubes called main-stem bronchi
one main-stem bronchus leads to the right lung and one to the left lung
in the lungs, the main-stem bronchi divide into smaller bronchi
and then into even smaller tubes called bronchioles
bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli

18. LUNGS- Note the Pressure Difference
Pulmonary pleura
Pleural cavity
contains pleural fluid
3. Visceral pleura

20. Patient “A” presents in the ER with knife wound to the left of his thorax . Diagnosis: pneumothorax and a collapsed lung.
a. Explain why the lung collapsed.
b. Why only one collapsed lung?
A. The lung penetrated by the knife collapsed because the intrapleural pressure became equal to the atmospheric pressure, allowing the pleural membranes to separate.
b. Only the penetrated lung collapsed because it is isolated from the remaining mediastinal structures (and the other lung) by the pleural membranes. (p. 820)

21. Gas Exchange Driven by Diffusion
Oxygen- high in lung- diffuses into blood
CO2 high in blood- diffuses into lung

22. Respiratory System Disorders
Asthma/Allergies
COPD:
Smoking:
Smokers cough

23. Review Problems
Page
#6, 12, 17, 18, 21