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Chapter 3 Part 2 Nubia and the Bantu Migrations 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Development of African Agriculture Sahara desert originally highly fertile region Western Sudan region nomadic herders, ca. 9000 B.C.E. Domestication of cattle ca. 7500 B.C.E. Later, cultivation of sorghum, yams, increasingly diverse Widespread desiccation of the Sahara ca. 5000 B.C.E. 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Gift of the Nile Gradual, predictable flooding Alluvial deposits support productive agricultural society “Gift of the Nile” 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Early Agriculture in Nile Valley 10,000 B.C.E. migrants from Red Sea hills (northern Ethiopia) Introduce collection of wild grains, language roots of Coptic 5000 B.C.E. Sudanic cultivators, herders migrate to Nile River valley Adaptation to seasonal flooding of Nile through construction of dikes, waterways Villages dot Nile by 4000 B.C.E. 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Impact on Political Organization As in Mesopotamia, a need for formal organization of public affairs Need to maintain order and organize community projects Egypt: simple, local irrigation projects Rural rather than heavily urban development Trade networks develop 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Egyptian Relations with Nubia Competition over Nile trade Military conflict between 3100 and 2600 B.C.E. Drove Nubians to the south Established kingdom of Kush, ca. 2500 B.C.E. Trade, cultural influences continue despite military conflict 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Economic Specialization Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos invasion Development of iron early, ca. 900 B.C.E. Trade along Nile River More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts Sea trade in Mediterranean 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Bantu Migrations, 3000-1000 B.C.E. Bantu: “people” Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions Population pressures Over 500 variations of original Bantu language 90 million speakers By 1000 B.C.E., occupied most of Africa south of the equator 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Bantu Migrations, 2000 B.C.E.-1000 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9
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Bantu Religions Evidence of early monotheism Deistic views as well Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits Great variations among populations 10 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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