1. Lecture Eighteen

2. I.) FIRST YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE Being enjoyed by the majority of Africans, 1960’s In control of their own Nation/States

3. II.) A GREAT TIME TO BE ALIVE A.) Great expectations B.) High participation C.) Tremendous energy 1.) Lots accomplished 2.) With enthusiasm Ghana 1957 Ghana 2007

4. III.) STATE APPARATUS GREARED FOR INTERVENTION A.) New leaders: take over and use it to African advantage B.) Profits from resources for real development 1. Some “African Socialism” (Tanzania, Ghana) 2. Socialism built on African values “Arusha Declaration” – 1967 “Ujamaa”– forced villiagization, literally “family” 3. Unsuccessful 4. But created a big state

5. III.) STATE APPARATUS GEARED FOR INTERVENTION C.) “Para-statal” – Blend of private and government Place a state official in charge of a factory Successful for quite a long time

6. IV.) ECONOMIC GROWTH CONTINUED A.) The GNP of all sub-Saharan countries grew in 1960’s and early 1970’s; each year 2 – 3 % B.) But no diversity, or development of domestic markets C.) However, buoyant world market, things were good. Gross domestic savings (GDS) and gross domestic investments (GDI) in Africa, 1960–93.

7. V.) AFRICAN LEADERS PROVIDED A. ) Schools B.) Health care Nairobi University

8. VI.) FIRST FRUITS OF INDEPENDENCE New currency, new leaders, good economy, universities, prosperous villages w/ new schools front row, President Gregoire Kayibanda of Rwanda, President (later self-proclaimed Emperor) Jean Bedel Bokassa of the Central African Republic (later Empire), Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, President Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Prime Minister Ismail al-Azhari of the Sudan, and President Joseph Desire Mobutu (later Mobutu Sese Seko) of the Congo (later Zaire). Second row, second from left, President Milton Obote of Uganda, President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, and Prime Minister Ibrahim Egal of Somalia

9. VII.) A NEW AGE IN AFRICA A.) BUT, OMENS ON THE HORIZON: Investment in status symbol projects, not investment in on-going development B.) Developed a sense of identity C.) Tolerant of opposition, but beginnings of oppression

10. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Why do Africans, old enough to remember independence, look back with BOTH nostalgia and bitterness? How did the colonial system contribute to the success, and later failure, of the newly independent African states?