1. Simulation-based assessment of energy and environmental performance of office buildings in Lebanon Z. Alameddine, K. Orehounig, A. Mahdavi, Department of Building Physics and Building Ecology Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria

2. Introduction Lebanon has a moderate Mediterranean Climate. In coastal areas, winters are generally cool and rainy whilst summers are warm. Lebanon has no fossil fuel resources. 98% of all energy needs are met with imports of petroleum products.

3. Method

5. Scenarios Insulation Glazing Shading Lighting Ventilation Mass 1 IbIb GbGb S0S0 L1L1 V1V1 MbMb 2 IbIb GbGb S0S0 L2L2 V1V1 MbMb 3 IbIb GbGb S0S0 L1L1 V2V2 MbMb 4 IbIb GbGb S0S0 L1L1 V3V3 MbMb 5 IbIb GbGb S i,a L1L1 V1V1 MbMb 6 IbIb GbGb S e,a L1L1 V1V1 MbMb 7 IbIb GbGb SfSf L1L1 V1V1 MbMb 8 I7I7 GbGb S0S0 L1L1 V1V1 MbMb 9 IbIb GbGb S0S0 L1L1 V1V1 M nc 10 IbIb G 0,22 S0S0 L1L1 V1V1 MbMb 11 IbIb G 0,14 S0S0 L1L1 V1V1 MbMb 12 I7I7 GbGb S0S0 L1L1 V3MbMb 13 IbIb GbGb S0S0 L1L1 V3M nc 14 IbIb GbGb S i,a L1L1 V1V1 MbMb 15 IbIb GbGb S e,a L3L3 V1V1 MbMb 16 IbIb GbGb S e,a L3L3 V2V2 MbMb 17 IbIb GbGb S e,a L3L3 V3V3 MbMb 18 IbIb GbGb S e,a L3L3 V4V4 MbMb ParametersBase CaseModified Case Insulation 1,6…3,20,4…0,5( with Insulation) Glazing 2,8…5,71,7 Shading types No shades  Internal  External  Fixed Shading schedules -  Dynamic  Fixed Lighting -Efficient Lighting Ventilation -Night time ventilation Method

6. Heating load (kWh. m -2. a -1 ) External Insulation External shading External shading and high night-time ventilation Selected Results

7. Latent cooling load (kWh. m -2. a -1 ) Sensible cooling load (kWh. m -2. a -1 ) External insulation Better glazing E xternal insulation and ventilation External shading,high night- time ventilation and daylight Night ventilation Selected Results

8. Sensible cooling load reduction (in percentage of the base case) Night ventilation External shading External insulation Better glazing Combinations Internal mass and night-time ventilation Selected Results

9. Mean overheating (see Table 11 for assumptions regarding θ r ) Mean overheating (θ r =26 o C) External insulation Better glazing E xternal insulation and ventilation External shading,high night- time ventilation and daylight Night ventilation Selected Results

10. Mean overheating reduction (in percentage of the base case) for θ r =26 o C Night ventilation External shading External insulation Better glazing Combinations Internal mass and night-time ventilation Selected Results

11. Heating Loads are minimal and can be eliminated by implementing some measures like external insulations, better glazing. Latent cooling load variations in different scenarios are rather small (4-6 kWh.m -2. a -1 ); increase is due to higher ventilations input. Sensible cooling loads are significant. 60% Less Cooling loads can be achieved by combining external shading, high night time ventilations,efficient lightings, and using daylight. Overheating reduction potential is likewise substantial and can reach up to 68%. Conclusion

12. Thank you Z. Alameddine, K. Orehounig, A. Mahdavi, Department of Building Physics and Building EcologyVienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria