2. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Dispensing with the crystal ball - actually managing the project Coping with projects going wrong

3. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Must be able to: plan identify tasks estimate time & effort schedule work monitor & control progress adjust plans evaluate the product

4. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Planning Scheduling Directing Controlling Human Technical Financial Resources

5. Bristol, University of the West of England More than 50% of activities in a software project overrun by >10% PROJECT MANAGEMENT Empirical data from software businesses shows that Empirical data from software businesses shows that: Difference between planned and actual effort increases in later stages of a project Experience with overruns in the first part of project does not increase the ability to estimate activity duration more accurately in the later parts

6. Bristol, University of the West of England result: completion of specific goals and objectives fixed-term task PROJECT

7. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT No linkage between theory & practice Use of inappropriate tools Team structures ill-defined Poor human-resource management skills Unsuitable methods used for evaluation of project management skills EFFECTIVE PROJECT MANAGEMENT Factors leading to ineffective project management:

8. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT DefinePlanMonitor and ControlReview FeasibilityAnalysisDesignConstructTestUse Time Effort Project StartProject End The Typical Project Management Cycle

9. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Time Effort The Actual Profile of the Way Students Manage Projects DefinePlanMonitor and ControlReview FeasibilityAnalysis Design Construct Test Use Project StartProject End

10. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Pre-defined structure Use of stable technology Small size of project High user proficiency High developer proficiency Properties of a “straightforward” project:

11. Bristol, University of the West of England Group structure undefined PROJECT MANAGEMENT Properties of a typical student group project: Unfamiliar with technology Small size of project (in real terms) No users Low developer proficiency

12. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Informal Project management techniques viz: Milestones Gantt Charts or: Act A Act B Act C Act D Act E Student Projects need:

13. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT and some idea about and some idea about sequence and dependencies CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS techniques

14. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Further Information on Further Information on CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS: Essential Elements of Quantitative Methods OAKSHOTT, LA 1994 Published by: DPP, Birmingham

15. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Milestones milestones could be task completions as outline in Britton & Doake (p222) alternatively, they could be agreed interim deliverables, like reports or prototypes for use in development workshops i.e. the outcome of a number of completed tasks but with specified, unmoveable deadlines

16. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS (CPA) The activity-on-node method: allows the time of the project and the slack (or float) of individual activities to be determined. A “zero” float activity is said to be “critical” because any delay in that acitivity would delay the entire project. this is NOT the method shown in Britton & Doake but is the one used by the Business School here and taught by our Faculty’s Quantitative Methods Field

17. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Step 1. List all activities to be carried out Step 2. Record durations of all activities Step 3. Record dependencies of each activity

18. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Building a garage (from Oakshott, 1994) AObtain bricklayer -10 BDig Foundations A 8 CLay the base B 1 DBuild the walls C 8 EBuild the roof D 3 FTile the roof E 1 GMake window frames - 3 HFit window framesD & G 1 IFit glass to frames H 1 JFit the door D 1 KPaint (J&H)I & J 3 LPoint the brickwork D 2 Identifier Task description Dependent on Est. duration

19. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT AB 52 Durations Activity identifier

20. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT A 5 ESTLFTLSTEFT earliest start time earliest finish time latest finish time latest start time

21. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT A 10 C1C1 G3G3 B8B8 K3K3 J1J1 I1I1 H1H1 F1F1 E3E3 D8D8 L2L2 ENDSTART Building a garage (basic idea taken from Oakshott, 1994)

22. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT Building a garage (from Oakshott, 1994) AObtain bricklayer -10 BDig Foundations A 8 CLay the base B 1 DBuild the walls C 8 EBuild the roof D 3 FTile the roof E 1 GMake window frames - 3 HFit window framesD & G 1 IFit glass to frames H 1 JFit the door D 1 KPaint (J&H)I & J 3 LPoint the brickwork D 2 Identifier Task description Dependent on Est. duration

23. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT A 10 C1C1 G3G3 B8B8 K3K3 J1J1 I1I1 H1H1 F1F1 E3E3 D8D8 L2L2 ENDSTART Building a garage (basic idea taken from Oakshott, 1994)

24. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT A 10 C1C1 G3G3 B8B8 K3K3 J1J1 I1I1 H1H1 F1F1 E3E3 D8D8 L2L2 ENDSTART With this network of activities, what is the minimum time required to building a garage? 0 10 10 18 18 19 19 27 27 30 30 31 27 29 27 28 28 29 29 32 32 0 3

25. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT A 10 G3G3 B8B8 START the forward pass: 18103 1000 EST EFT A 5 earliest start time earliest finish time

26. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT A 10 C1C1 G3G3 B8B8 K3K3 J1J1 I1I1 H1H1 F1F1 E3E3 D8D8 L2L2 ENDSTART With this network of activities, what is the minimum time required to building a garage? 0 10 10 18 18 19 19 27 27 30 30 31 27 29 27 28 28 29 29 32 32 0 3

27. Bristol, University of the West of England K3K3 J1J1 I1I1 H1H1 F1F1 E3E3 D8D8 19 27 27 30 30 31 27 28 28 29 29 32 G3G3 0 3 32days PROJECT MANAGEMENT

28. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT K3K3 J1J1 I1I1 F1F1 L2L2 END 30 31 27 29 27 28 28 29 29 32 32 31 32 29 32 the backward pass: 30 32 EST EFT A 5 earliest start time earliest finish time LST LFT latest start time latest finish time

29. Bristol, University of the West of England K3K3 J1J1 I1I1 H1H1 D8D8 19 27 27 28 28 29 29 32 G3G3 0 3 32days PROJECT MANAGEMENT 27 28 28 29 29 32 24 27 28 29 19 27

30. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT A 10 C1C1 G3G3 B8B8 K3K3 J1J1 I1I1 H1H1 F1F1 E3E3 D8D8 L2L2 ENDSTART 0 10 10 18 18 19 19 27 27 30 30 31 27 29 27 28 28 29 29 32 32 0 3 0 10 10 18 18 19 19 27 28 31 31 32 27 28 28 29 29 32 24 27 28 29 30 32 1 1 3 1 24 0000 000

31. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT A 10 C1C1 B8B8 K3K3 I1I1 H1H1 D8D8 27 28 28 29 29 32 0 10 10 18 18 19 19 27 27 28 28 29 29 32 0000 000 0 10 10 18 18 19 19 27 CRITICAL PATH: Duration: 32 days ENDSTART

32. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT AObtain bricklayer -101 BDig Foundations A 82 CLay the base B 12 DBuild the walls C 83 EBuild the roof D 32 FTile the roof E 13 GMake window frames - 34 HFit window framesD & G 12 IFit glass to frames H 12 JFit the door D 12 KPaint (J&H)I & J 31 LPoint the brickwork D 21 Activity Description Dep. Duration Resources

33. Bristol, University of the West of England A 10 C1C1 B8B8 K3K3 D8D8 I1I1 H1H1 G3G3 F1F1 E3E3 L2L2 J1J1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT GANTT CHART:

34. Bristol, University of the West of England A 10 C1C1 B8B8 K3K3 D8D8 I1I1 H1H1 G3G3 F1F1 E3E3 L2L2 J1J1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT (1)(2)(3)(2)(2) (2) (2) (3) (1) (1) (2) (4) 5 2 1 2 73 534 1

35. Bristol, University of the West of England PROJECT MANAGEMENT 5 2 1 2 73 534 1

36. Bristol, University of the West of England G 3 (4) F 1 (3) E 3 (2) L 2 (1) J 1 (2)RESOURCESMANAGEMENT: 5 2 1 2 73 534 1

37. Bristol, University of the West of England G 3 (4) F 1 (3) E 3 (2) L 2 (1) J 1 (2)RESOURCESMANAGEMENT: 5 2 1 2 5 3 533 4