1. Phonology Cont.

2. Review Phoneme / / Allophone [ ] Contrastive Distribution
Abstract, never pronounced
Allophone [ ]
Pronounced, variation of a phoneme
Contrastive Distribution
[khQt] vs [hQt]
Complementary Distribution
[thap] vs [stap]

3. Possibilities Allophones of separate phonemes
/t/ /th/
 
[t] [th]
Allophones of the same phoneme
/t/

4. Allophones of separate phonemes (Tagalog)
Are [h] and [/] allophones of separate phonemes?
[kahon] “box”
[ka/on] “to fetch”
[/umagos] “to flow”
[humagos] “to paint”

5. Allophones of separate phonemes (Tagalog)
Are [h] and [/] allophones of separate phonemes?
YES
/h/ ///
[h] [/]

6. Allophones of separate phonemes (Spanish)
Are [p] and [b] allophones of separate phonemes?
[peso] “(monetary unit)”
[beso] “kiss”
[kompa] “mate”
[komba] “skipping”

7. Allophones of separate phonemes (Spanish)
Are [p] and [b] allophones of separate phonemes?
YES
/p/ /b/
[p] [b]

8. Allophones of the same phoneme (Spanish)
Are [d] and [D] allophones of the same phoneme?
[deDo] “finger”
[kaDa] “each”
[kasaDa] “married”
[duna] “dune”

9. Allophones of the same phoneme (Spanish)
Are [d] and [D] allophones of the same phoneme?
YES
/d/
[d] [D]

10. Allophones of the same phoneme (English)
Are [t] and [th] allophones of the same phoneme?
[thep] “tape” [stap] “stop”
[thin] “teen” [stol] “stole”
[thap] “top” [stek] “steak”

11. Allophones of the same phoneme (English)
Are [t] and [th] allophones of the same phoneme?
YES
/t/
[t] [th]
But what about Hindi?

12. [t] and [th] in Hindi [tal] “beat” [thal] “plate”
Allophones of separate phonemes
/t/ /th/
[t] [th]

13. Different Mappings
English
/t/
[t] [th]
Hindi
/t/ /th/

14. How to do a phonology problem
Examine your data
The question will ask about certain sounds; pay special attention to those sounds. Don’t get confused by extra data.
Look for minimal pairs involving those sounds
If you find one, you can conclude that the sounds are allophones of separate phonemes
If there are no minimal pairs, list the environments in which each sound occurs
If they never occur in the same environment, you can conclude that they are allophones of the same phoneme

15. Examine your data (Greek)
Are [k] and [x] allophones of the same phoneme or allophones of separate phonemes?
[kano] “do” [kori] “daughter”
[xori] “dances” [xrima] “money”
[xano] “lose” [xufta] “handful”
[krima] “shame” [kufeta] “bonbons”
[ceri] “candle” [kali] “charms”

16. Look for minimal pairs [kano] “do” [kori] “daughter”
[xori] “dances” [xrima] “money”
[xano] “lose” [xufta] “handful”
[krima] “shame” [kufeta] “bonbons”
[ceri] “candle” [kali] “charms”
[xori] and [kori] form a minimal pair! Our job is done…

17. Conclusion [k] and [x] are allophones of separate phonemes /k/ /x/
[k] [k]

18. Examine your data (Sango)
Are [®] and [l] allophones of the same phoneme or allophones of separate phonemes?
[te®e] “body” [ki®i] “return”
[wali] “woman” [wa®a] “like”
[koli] “man” [nila] “then”
[ge®e] “leg” [doli] “elephant”

19. Look for minimal pairs [te®e] “body” [ki®i] “return”
[wali] “woman” [wa®a] “like”
[koli] “man” [nila] “then”
[ge®e] “leg” [doli] “elephant”
NO MINIMAL PAIRS!!

20. List the environments [®] [l] e___e a___i e___e o___i i___i o___i
a___a i___a
These two phones are in complementary distribution. Each allophone belongs to its own environment

21. Conclusion
[®] and [l] are allophones of the same phoneme
/l/
[®] [l]