1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii The Tissue Level of Organization

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Identify the four major tissue types and describe their functions. Describe the relationship between form and function for each tissue type. Discuss the types and functions of epithelial tissues. Compare the structure and function of connective tissues.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Explain the structure and function of the four types of membrane. Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each. Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue.

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 4-1 Tissues of the Body: An Introduction

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissues are: Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions Histology = study of tissues The four tissue types are: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Tissues and tissue types

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Includes glands and epithelium Glands are secretory Is avascular Forms a protective barrier that regulates permeability Cells may show polarity Epithelial tissue

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical protection Control permeability Provide sensation Produce specialized secretions Functions of epithelium

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Perform secretory functions Perform transport functions Maintain physical integrity Ciliated epithelia move materials across their surface Specializations of epithelium

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells Figure 4.1

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM) Cells attach at specialized cell junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Maintaining the integrity of epithelium

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.2 Intercellular connections Figure 4.2 Animation: Intercellular connections PLAY

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface Lamina lucida Lamina densa Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cells Structure of typical epithelium

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Number of cell layers Simple Stratified Shape of apical surface cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Classification of epithelia

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.3 Squamous Epithelia Figure 4.3

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia Figure 4.4a

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4 Cuboidal Epithelia Figure 4.4b

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4 Transitional Epithelium Figure 4.4c

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia Figure 4.5a

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia Figure 4.5b

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.5 Columnar Epithelia Figure 4.5c

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exocrine glands Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland Endocrine glands Release hormones into surrounding fluid Glandular epithelia

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Merocrine (product released through exocytosis) Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm) Holocrine (destroys the cell) Glandular secretions can be:

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.6 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion Figure 4.6 Animation: Mechanisms of glandular secretion PLAY

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unicellular Individual secretory cells Multicellular Organs containing glandular epithelium Classified according to structure Glands

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.7 Figure 4.7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 4-3 Connective Tissues

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Establishing a structural framework Transporting fluids and dissolved materials Protecting delicate organs Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues Storing energy reserves Defending the body from microorganisms Connective tissue functions:

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.8 Figure 4.8 A Classification of Connective Tissues

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Specialized cells Matrix Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance Connective tissues contain

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contains varied cell populations Contains various fiber types A syrupy ground substance Connective tissue proper

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fluid connective tissue Contains a distinctive cell population Watery ground substance with dissolved proteins Two types Blood Lymph

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Less diverse cell population Dense ground substance Closely packed fibers Two types Cartilage Bone Supporting connective tissues

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell population Fibroblasts Macrophage Adipocytes Mesenchymal cells Melanocytes Mast cells Lymphocytes Microphages Connective tissue proper

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three types of fiber Collagen fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers Connective tissue proper

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classified as loose or dense Loose Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues Areolar tissue Adipose tissue Reticular tissue Dense Dense regular CT Dense irregular CT Connective tissue proper

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.9 Figure 4.9 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.10 Connective Tissue in Embryos Figure 4.10

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.11 Adipose and Reticular Tissues Figure 4.11

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.12 Dense Connective Tissues Figure 4.12a

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.12 Dense Connective Tissues Figure 4.12b

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.12 Dense Connective Tissues Figure 4.12c

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix Blood Formed elements and plasma Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to the heart Capillaries allow diffusion into the interstitial fluid Lymph Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic vessels Fluid connective tissues

43. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.13 Formed Elements of the Blood Figure 4.13

44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilage and bone support the rest of the body Cartilage Grows via interstitial and appositional growth Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate Cells called chondrocytes Cells found in lacunae Perichondrium separates cartilage from surrounding tissues Three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage Supporting connective tissues

45. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.15 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage Figure 4.15a, b

46. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.15 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage Figure 4.15c

47. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.15 The Perichondrium and Types of Cartilage Figure 4.15d

48. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Has osteocytes Depend on diffusion through canaliculi for nutrients Little ground substance Dense mineralized matrix Surrounded by periosteum Bone, or osseus tissue

49. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.16 Bone Figure 4.16

50. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 4-4 Membranes

51. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Form a barrier Composed of epithelium and connective tissue Four types Cutaneous Synovial Serous Mucous Membranes are simple organs

52. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.17 Membranes Figure 4.17a-d

53. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Line cavities that communicate with the exterior Contain lamina propria Mucous membranes

54. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Line sealed internal cavities Form transudate Serous membranes

55. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cutaneous membrane Covers the body surface Synovial membrane Incomplete lining within joint cavities

56. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 4-5 The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body

57. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Network of connective tissue proper consisting of Superficial fascia Deep fascia Subserous fascia Organs and systems are interconnected

58. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.18 The Fasciae Figure 4.18

59. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 4-6 Muscle Tissue

60. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Specialized for contraction Three types Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscle tissue

61. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.19 Muscle Tissue Figure 4.19a

62. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.19 Muscle Tissue Figure 4.19b

63. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.19 Muscle Tissue Figure 4.19c

64. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells are multinucleate Striated voluntary muscle Divides via satellite cells Skeletal muscle

65. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiocytes occur only in the heart Striated involuntary muscle Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction Cardiac muscle

66. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Non-striated involuntary muscle Can divide and regenerate Smooth muscle tissue

67. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 4-7 Neural Tissue

68. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Conducts electrical impulses Conveys information from one area to another Neural tissue

69. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neurons Transmit information Neuroglia Support neural tissue Help supply nutrients to neurons Neural tissue cells

70. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.20 Neural Tissue Figure 4.20

71. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell body Dendrites Axon (nerve fiber) Carries information to other neurons Neural anatomy

72. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 4-8 Tissue Injuries and Aging

73. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashion Homeostasis restored by inflammation and regeneration Inflammation and regeneration

74. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Isolates injured area Damaged cells, tissue components and dangerous microorganisms removed Infection avoided Regeneration restores normal function Inflammatory response

75. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.21 An Introduction to Inflammation Figure 4.21

76. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Change with age Repair and maintenance less efficient Structure altered Chemical composition altered Aging and tissue repair

77. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aging and cancer incidence Incidence of cancer increases with age 70-80% of all cases due to exposure to chemicals or environmental factors

78. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.22 Changes in a Tissue under Stress Figure 4.22

79. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The four major tissue types and their functions. The relationship between form and function for each tissue type. The types and functions of epithelial tissues. The structure and function of connective tissues. The structure and function of the four types of membrane. The three types of muscle tissue and the structural features of each. The basic structure and role of neural tissue.