1. Portuguese Rule Took land parcelas Introduced taxation Looted Used African auxiliaries army for conquest and rule Used divide and rule policy to create division and exploit the Africans. Used also indirect rule -Comprador –allies to rule other areas. But were Africans treated as comrades?

2. Portuguese Rule They had colonies in Mozambique, Cape Vade, Sao Tome & Principe, and Angola. They faced a lot of resistance when they tried to establish their rule e.g. Queen Anne Nzinga of Matamba Kingdom, the Gaza empire, the Tonga, and Chewa people all resisted the Portuguese. More resistance was by the Yao and the Makonde people Portuguese faced tough resistance but again the Maxim gun won the day.

3. South Africa-used Apartheid Rule was different and the worst and took along time to be brought to an end. Intense white domination politically, socially, and economically due to minerals- mined Africa Growth of Afrikaner frustrated African efforts. Afrikaners- descendants of mainly Dutch later they include Germans and French settlers after the mineral revolution 1910 laws based on racial segregation introduced to the country. 1913 – introduction of color bar on jobs- all skilled jobs and better jobs for whites only.

4. 1913 Introduction of the Native Act- blacks confined to only 7 % of the land Africans violently evicted from their land and put in reserves=Bantustans 1948- Apartheid system = Separateness was instituted. Meant to make blacks foreigners in their own home. Meant to preserve white domination on 2 economic spheres mining and land

5. South Africa Introduction of migrant laborers with labor camps- with their contradictions. Introduction of the Pass laws - unemployed not allowed to stay in towns. If found they could be fined, beaten and imprisoned. 1936 Blacks rights to vote were stripped in cape colony. 1950 –Population Registration Act - people were classified according to race- whites and non whites

6. classification Non-whites- colored, Indians and blacks. Blacks - divided further into Zulu, Xhosa, Tswana, Venda Sotho, etc. These groups were restricted to live in specific areas, Apartheid System banned. 1. Sexual relationships between races 2. Segregation in Public places like hotels, buses. Schools, toilets etc.

7. 3. Established biased policies e.g. 1953 Bantu education Act -Missionary educators removed. Syllabus restructured to restrict Africans from getting quality education. Africans forced to use Afrikaans language instead of English Students were put in Government schools to be monitored and indoctrinated to create hate among different ethnic groups.(divide& rule policy). Apartheid was similar to Jim Crow rules in America.