1. Please put purses and other materials under your desk Please turn phones off

2. Illinois History Unit 6 Farming on Prairie Grangers and Greenbackers Rise of Mail Order Houses Packingtown USA Jane Addams

3. Farming On The Prairie

4. Subsistence Farming Farmers produced everything that they needed Used almost everything they produced Took little to market Hardly ever had money

5. Farmers made their own tools Repair their own oxen yokes, harnesses, wagons and harrows Planted seed by hand and harvested the crops by hand Used a medieval wooden type plow that was easily clogged and was not sturdy enough to break up the soil

6. Wood Plow Steel Plow

7. Inventions That Changed Farming John Deere invented a plow made of steel which did not clog and cut through the soil

8. Cyrus McCormick Invented a reaper that cut wheat Allowed farmers to double their crop

9. Seeders and cultivators were invented to sow the seed and cover it

10. The Railroad Comes to the Illinois Farmer The Illinois Central railroad was completed in the 1850’s, running the length of the state Previously the farmers could only get their products to market on flatboats that floated downstream the railroads brought easy transportation of farm products

11. RR’s encouraged people to move to Illinois, selling off land they received from federal land grants RR’s offered prizes for new farm machinery RR’s experimented with new crops RR’s encouraged farmers to grow fruit

12. Corporate Farming Corporate farming began in Illinois in the 1840’s and 1850’s Corporate farmers have thousands of acres They employ hundreds of men and have hundreds of machines to cultivate their great crop harvest

13. Average Farmers Most farmers farmed between 100 and 150 acres Made modest living

14. Grangers And Greenbackers

15. Farmer's Complaints After the War At the end of the war demand for farm products lessened. The result was overproduction and falling prices. This made it difficult to repay the loans they used to buy new machinery for the earlier demands.

16. Farmers complained that manufacturers received trade protections that farmers did not Railroads and grain elevators charged higher than necessary rates Farmers standard of living decreased while city dwellers standard increased

17. Grangers The Patrons of Husbandry was founded in 1867 Known as the Granges, began to agitate for railroad regulation Granges in Illinois were able to bring about change in state laws and affect election of public officials

18. The Grangers' goals: ▫protective tariffs on imported goods ▫regulation of the rates which railroads charged to ship goods to market ▫regulation of storage rates at storage elevators

19. Munn Vs. Illinois The Illinois railroad and warehouse commission sued Munn & Scott, a grain elevator firm, for failing to secure a state license for their business. Munn & Scott denied the state had a right to license business.

20. Chief Justice Sidney Breeze wrote a landmark decision, which said that businesses, which affect the public, should be subject to government regulation. The decision was upheld in the Supreme Court.

21. Greenbackers During the Civil War the government issued $400,000,000 in paper money, nick- named "greenbacks." At the end of the war inflation had reduced their value to about half.

22. Farmers, were called "green backers," wanted to be able to pay off their debts with cheaper money Supported the issuing of more paper money which would cause inflation

23. Long-term Effect of Granger Laws Illustrated the discontent of farmers They provided a precedent for national railroad regulation

24. The Rise of the Great Mail Order Houses Montgomery Ward Richard Sears

25. Mail Order Emerges After the Civil War, the most of the people and wealth were in the rural areas Rural residents had few opportunities to go to the cities to buy consumer goods Mail order businesses emerged to offer free delivery and catalogs to rural customers

26. Montgomery Ward Founded business in 1872 Had lived w/ farmers; knew of their needs Bought directly from manufacturer and sold directly to farmers for cash Idea was to make small profits on great quantities of sales

27. 1 st catalog was 1 page; grew to 240 Factors that brought success ▫Cash on delivery payment ▫Was official supplier to the Grangers, who bought in bulk ▫Offered guarantee of satisfaction, paid refund plus shipping

29. Richard Sears As a young man worked as a station manager for a railroad in Minnesota In 1886, a local jeweler refused a shipment of watches Sears asked the manufacturer for permission to sell the watches

30. He soon sold all of the watches to other station agents Within 6 months his watch selling business was so successful that he quit the railroad Moved to Minneapolis to start a watch business at age 22

31. In 1887 he hired Alvah Roebuck to handle the service department In 1893 he and Roebuck formed Sears, Roebuck and Co. and moved their offices to Chicago The Chicago location had better access to railroads

32. Sears knew farmers and their needs His 1 st catalog was only watches By 1895, his catalog was 532 pages and contained many items farmers desired Clothing, plows, bicycles, shoes, etc

33. 1897 Roebuck retires because of ill health 1908 began selling home kits by mail order, delivered by train

34. He retired later that year 1914 – died of Bright’s Disease

35. Packingtown, USA

36. Hog Butcher for the World Civil War created a demand for source of meat for Union Army Chicago had the transportation facilities and was near cattle producing areas and the grain belt

37. Giant meatpackers  Philip Armour began business in Chicago and became a household name within a few years  In 1891, the company was the largest meat packer in the country and controlled 30 percent of Chicago's grain supply

38.  Gustavus Swift  Believed that slaughtering and dressing beef in Chicago would be better than transporting the animals live to the East  Cattle shipped to the market whole cost the meatpackers the price of freight for live animals

39. The invention of the refrigerated train car allowed meatpackers to ship the carcasses to their destination in good condition To avoid waste, packers used by-products to in manufacture of other products “used everything but the squeal”

40. Criticisms Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, which shocked the nation depicting deplorable working conditions in the packinghouses The book inspired the government to begin inspecting the packing process Led to enactment of Pure Food and Drug Act

43. During the Spanish-American War, spoiled canned meat was blamed for thousands of deaths to soldiers Public uproar forced the meatpackers to clean up their operations and comply with federal inspections Chicago stockyards remained in business until 1970

44. Merchant Princes

45. Marshall Field

46.  Came to Chicago and worked a clerk, later named a general manager in a wholesale house  Field and Levi Leiter bought into the store and built the business up during the Civil War  Both left to join a retail business run by Potter Palmer

47.  1871 – Chicago fire destroyed their store  Rescued merchandise was moved to a barn on the south side of Chicago  Reopened 2 days after the fire in the barn  They rebuilt an even bigger store at the original location

48. Business grew rapidly after the fire To keep his stores supplied, Field bought or built his own factories Began importing exotic goods 1881- Field bought out Leiter When he died, he was the richest man in Chicago

49. Potter Palmer

50. Chicago merchant who owned a dry goods store and made large profits After the Civil War he sold out store to Field an Leiter Turned to real estate business

51. Bought property along State St., moved buildings back and persuaded city to pave the wide street Built a store which he rented to Field and Leiter for $50,000

52. Built an expensive hotel called the Palmer House 1871- fire almost ruins Palmer Went into debt to rebuild, borrowed $2 million to rebuild State St. and the Palmer House

53. Palmer House

54. After solvent, he bought swamp land along Lake Michigan Filled the swamp land and then built a row of fine stone houses Lake Shore Drive became the home of the wealthiest of Chicago society

55. Jane Addams

56. Problems caused by industrialization Contrast of bustling prosperity and tremendous growth Wealth for some, and terrible poverty for the working class.

58. Jane Addams Born in rural Illinois Received college degree in 1881 Visited England and toured a settlement house When she returned the U.S., she opened up a settlement house in Chicago

59. The settlement house idea The idea of the settlement was to live among the slum dwellers to give them continuing help. Addams opened up a house in the worst slum in Chicago Named Hull House

60. Hull House

62. Activities at Hull House Reading groups Social clubs Gymnasium Art gallery Kitchen and coffee house Day care center Primary function was as an educational center

63. Jane Addams as a Suffragette She knew that without the right to vote, women could not influence the passage of legislation that would improve social conditions.

64. Factory Reform and Child labor laws Campaigned for: ▫Improved factory safety standards ▫Regulation of hours and wages for women ▫Restrictions on child labor

65. Trade Unions Addams provided a meeting place for working girls Was location for meetings of women’s unions

66. Nobel Peace Prize She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her work to promote peace. Chairwoman of the Women's Peace Party She became the leader of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

67. Assignment 6.1 1.Describe subsistence farming. 2.Name the problems faced by the early farmers in Illinois. 3.What two inventions changed farming methods substantially? Who were the inventors? 4.How did the coming of the railroad affect the farmer? 5.Describe corporate farming.

68. Assignment 6.2 1.What was the farmer's complaint after the Civil War? 2.What did the Illinois Grangers hope to accomplish? 3.Explain the Munn vs. Illinois case. How was it decided? 4.Who were the greenbackers? 5.The Granger laws had a long term effect. What was it?

69. Assignment 6.4 1. What made Chicago the "Hog Butcher to the World"? 2.Name the two most important meat packers in the Chicago area. 3.How did the development of the refrigerator car contribute to the growth of Packing Town? 4.What packing house conditions were portrayed in the book, "The Jungle," by Upton Sinclair? 5.Explain how the Spanish-American Civil War caused a scandal in the meat packing business.