1. Conversations with the Earth Tom Burbine tburbine@framingham.edu

2. Final May 9 (Monday) – 11:30 am - (Monday, Wednesday, Thursday class) May 11 (Wednesday) – 8 am - (Tuesday, Thursday class) 25 short answer questions No calculators Besides your new sheet of paper, you can bring in the sheet of paper you used for the Midterm

3. Grade Distribution 199198935845276 298198935845675 298198935845774 298198940835873 597238840835873 597238842826070 796238842826169 895238842826268 994278745796268 1093278745796466 1093278745796561 1093278745796659 1392318649786750 1491318649786844 1590338551776942 1590338552767039 1590358452767138 1590358452767225

4. Types of Planetary Missions Fly By Orbiter Lander –Atmospheric Probe –Rover –Manned Sample Return

5. Water on Mars Most of the water is frozen (permafrost and polar caps) No bodies of liquid water, which could create a hydrosphere Only a small amount of water vapor is in the atmosphere

6. How did Mars lose its water?

7. One possibility: On Earth, we're protected from the solar wind by a global magnetic field Mars appears to have had a global magnetic field, which turned off When it turned off, Mars’ atmosphere may have been eroded by the solar wind

8. Basic Definition of Life Growth Metabolism Motion Reproduction Stimulus response

9. ALH 84001 Allan Hills 84001 Martian meteorite found in Antarctica Thought to have evidence for life (1996)

10. Meteorites from Mars Are called SNCs Shergottites, Nakhlites, Chassignites –Shergotty –Nakhla –Chassigny 34 Martian meteorites currently known

11. How do we know they are from Mars? Most have young formation ages (1.35 and 0.15 billion years) Gases in glass in meteorites match Mars

14. Evidence organic molecules Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) that looks like it formed from biologic activity nanofossil-like structures

16. Age of ALH 84001 ALH 84001 - 4.5 billion years But has same oxygen isotope ratio as other Martian meteorites so it comes from Mars Oldest meteorites are 4.56 billion years

17. Face on Mars Face is 1.5 km across

22. Significant Mars Missions Viking 1 (1976-1982) (NASA) (Lander) Viking 2 (1976-1980) (NASA) (Lander) Mars Global Surveyor (1993-2006) (NASA) (Orbiter) Mars Pathfinder (1997) (NASA) (Lander) Mars Express (2003-present) (ESA) (Orbiter) MER Spirit (2004-present) (NASA) (Lander) MER Opportunity (2004-present) (NASA) (Lander) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2006-present) (NASA) (Orbiter) Phoenix (2008) (NASA) (Lander)

23. Viking Missions Each spacecraft consisted of an orbiter and a lander Viking 1 lander landed July 20, 1976 Viking 2 lander landed September 3, 1976 Total cost was ~1 billion

25. Viking 2

28. Four Experiments There were results that were initially positive But results could all be explained through non-biologic chemistry For example, Labeled Release Experiment –The nutrients were tagged with radioactive 14 C –Looked for emitted 14 CO 2 gas as evidence for chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life – Radioactive gases were given off immediately for the first insertion of nutrients –Subsequent insertions did not give off radioactive gases

29. Europa (Moon of Jupiter)

30. Europa Very smooth surface Its albedo is one of the highest of all moons Lack of craters indicates a young and active surface Thought to have a liquid water ocean Possibly abode of extraterrestrial life

33. Symmetric ridges in the dark bands suggest that the surface crust was separated and filled with darker material, somewhat analogous to spreading centers in the ocean basins of Earth.

34. Spectroscopy suggests that the dark reddish streaks and features on Europa's surface may be rich in salts such as magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), deposited by evaporating water that emerged from within.

35. Europa It is thought that under the surface there is a layer of liquid water kept warm by tidally generated heat.

36. Proposed Europa Jupiter System Mission (NASA/ESA) (~2020)

37. Any Questions?