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"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.“ - 10 th Amendment
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1950s- Government really gets involved 1960s- Desegregation of schools 1980s- Reagan and H.R. Bush return responsibility to the states 1990s- Clinton attempts to expand the federal role again 2000s- Bush signs No Child Left Behind Act
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1958 Provides funds for math, science, and foreign language programs Enacted for the “security of the nation” There is some debate about the legality of this act
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1964 Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Title IV- gave the federal government power to desegregate schools Title VI- gave the federal government power to withhold funds from segregated schools
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1965 Made federal government the center of policy making power Provided funds and support for poverty programs, school libraries, textbooks and other instructional materials, counseling and health services, and remedial instruction Research centers and labs to advance educational practice were established with ESEA funds
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1992 Created by President Bill Clinton in attempt to expand the federal role in education Responsible for distributing and certifying curricular content, student performance standards, and opportunity-to learn standards
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January 8, 2002 Signed into law by President George W. Bush Part of ESEA Requires states to close the achievement gap and ensure that all students achieve academic proficiency all 12 years Schools must make adequate yearly progress (AYP) or be subject to improvement, corrective action, and reconstructing measures
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2010 Enacted by President Barack Obama Part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Geared toward improving schools, raising achievement, driving reforms and producing better results for students
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Barbour, C., Barbour, N. H., & Scully, P. A. (2004). Families, Schools, and Communities Building Partnerships for Educating Children (3rd Edition) (3 ed.). Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall. Chapter 2. Dupuis, V. L., Gollnick, D. M., Hall, G. E., Johnson, J. A., & Musial, D. L. (2001). Introduction to the Foundations of American Education (12th Edition) (12 ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Chapters 5 and 8. Mcnergney, J. M., & Mcnergney, R. F. (2006). Education: The Practice and Profession of Teaching (5th Edition) (5 ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Chapters 5, 8, and 9. Sadker, D. M., & Zittleman, K. (2008). Teachers Schools & Society (2Rev Ed ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 5. Reuters. (n.d.). FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Tenth Amendment. FindLaw: Cases and Codes. Retrieved September 8, 2010, from http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment10/ Department of Education. (n.d.). The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001). ED.gov. Retrieved September 8, 2010, from www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html Department of Education. (n.d.). ED Recovery Act. ED.gov. Retrieved September 9, 2010, from www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/leg/recovery/recovery-plans-2010.pdf
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