1. 2014 Weed Control Tactics – Alabama Vegetable Conference Stanley Culpepper UGA Tifton Campus

2. Weed Control Responsibilities

3. Weed Management At Its Best Mechanical Cultural Herbicide/ Fumigant

4. Agronomic Weed Control Mechanical Cultural Herbicide

5. Resistance Impacts Agronomic Crops

6. Changes in Herbicide Management 2002: $24/A2010: $63/A Roundup Burndown Roundup POST 1 Roundup POST 2 Roundup + diuron PD Roundup + Valor Burndown1 Gramoxone + Reflex + Direx PRE Roundup + Staple POST 1 Roundup + Dual POST 2 Direx + MSMA PD

7. Photo by A.C. York 2010 2004: 17% of growers hand-weeded 5% cotton acres at $2.40/A 2010: 92% of growers hand-weeded 52% cotton acres at $23.70/A

8. Tillage is now a common scene 2004: 13.1% of cotton acres cultivated 2010: 32.1% of cotton acres cultivated Herbicide incorporation: 264,266 A (26.7%)Deep turn: 256,075 A last 3 yr

9. Weed Management At Its Best Mechanical Cultural Herbicide/ Fumigant DIVERSIFICATION

10. Replacing Methyl Bromide – Great Progress Breakout session-this afternoon

11. Herbicides for Specialty Crops Many believe few options currently available with few products on the horizon!

12. New GA Veggie Labels Last 7 Yr 1. Chateau tomato RM 2. Chateau pepper RM 3. Chateau eggplant RM 4. Chateau watermelon RM 5. Chateau cantaloupe RM 6. Chateau cucumber RM 7. Chateau squash RM 8. Dual Magnum pepper topical 9. Dual Magnum broccoli topical 10. Dual Magnum cabbage topical 11. Dual Magnum collards topical 12. Dual Magnum cauliflower topical 13. Reflex tomato preplant 14. Reflex pepper preplant 15. Caparol in Okra 16. Sandea in Okra 17. Dual Mag. Carrot 18. Dual Mag. Watermelon 19. Dual Mag Cantaloupe 20. Dual Mag. Sweet Potato 21. Dual Mag. POST in Tomato 22. Dual Mag. POST in Beans 23. Dual Mag. POST in Kale 24. Dual Mag. POST in Collard 25. Reflex in Watermelon 26. Reflex in Squash 27. Reflex in Pumpkin 28. Treflan - Intercropping

13. Grower Standard + Future Product? Grower Standard (not a check!!) Notice pigweed

14. Herbicides More Available for GA Vegetable Growers 4 NEW HERBICIDE USES PER YEAR ON AVERAGE OVER LAST 7 YEARS

15. Why So Successful? University/Commodity Commission/Department of Ag

16. Why So Successful? University/Commodity Commission/Department of Ag Syngenta Indemnified Labels Valent 3 rd party registration

17. Why So Successful? University/Commodity Commission/Department of Ag Syngenta Indemnified Labels Valent 3 rd party registration IR-4

18. Limitations and Concerns 1.Limited number of scientists working in specialty crops. 2.Most growers scared to death of herbicides

19. Limitations and Concerns 1. Limited number of scientists working in specialty crops. - most of our labels 10-12 studies - new corn label 550 studies

20. Dual PRE Dual POST

21. Herbicide Injury Greatly influenced by excess moisture, cold, and incorrect spray calibration.

22. Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1. Droplet Size –nozzle, pressure, speed

23. GreenLeaf TwinJetAir Induction There is a fine line between drift management and weed control!

24. Table 1. ASAE S-572.1 Spray Tip Classification by Droplet Size 1. CategorySymbolColor Code Approximate VMD 2 (Microns) Extremely FineXFPURPLE~50 Very FineVFRED<136 FineFORANGE136-177 MediumMYELLOW177-218 CoarseCBLUE218-349 Very CoarseVCGREEN349-428 Extremely Coarse XCWHITE428-622 Ultra CoarseUCBLACK>622 1 Source: TeeJet Technologies Catalog 51, page 136. 2 VMD = Volume median diameter.

25. Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1.Droplet Size –nozzle, pressure, speed 2.Adjuvants – some products need

26. Photo credit: Webster

27. Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1.Droplet Size –nozzle, pressure, speed 2.Adjuvants – some products need 3.Persistence

28. No ReflexReflex 1 pt/A applied 205 days before transplanting

29. Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1.Droplet Size –nozzle, pressure, speed 2.Adjuvants – some products need 3.Persistence 4.Relationship with mulch

30. Roundup PreplantNo Roundup

31. Sandea Dissipation on Mulch 65% 6%

32. Herbicides Can Only Be As Good As the Person Applying Them 1.Droplet Size –nozzle, pressure, speed 2.Adjuvants – some products need 3.Persistence 4.Relationship with mulch 5.Labels – www.cdms.net 6.Extension/Manufacture/Dealer

33. Weed Management At Its Best Mechanical Cultural Herbicide/ Fumigant DIVERSIFICATION Mechanical Tillage – Pre-plant – cultivation – after harvest

35. No Deep TillageDeep Turn No Herbicide Treatment Number of Palmer Amaranth Plants During Early Season. Macon Co., Georgia 2008.*

37. Influence of burial depth on Palmer amaranth emergence Keeley et al. (1987) reported 36-44% emergence at 0-1”, 7% at 2”, and 2% at 3”.

38. Deep TurnDrilled

39. Nutsedge Number 1 Problem in Plastic

40. Don’t plow unless you have to!!!!!!!!!!

42. Weed Management At Its Best Mechanical Cultural Herbicide/ Fumigant DIVERSIFICATION Cultural Crop rotation Plant population Row spacing Planting date Cover crops

43. Rolling Creates a Mulch that is Critical in Reducing Palmer amaranth Emergence

44. After Cover is Terminated and it Rains; Planting will be Ideal for a Significant Amount of Time

45. 70 to 95% control in middle Rye Mulch Reduces Palmer Emergence

46. Rye/Mulch System

47. 7830 b 88,015 d 30,350 c no herbicide no rye 2465 a Palmer amaranth plants per acre as influenced by herbicide, rye cover crop, and fumigant. no herbicide rye herbicides no rye herbicides rye

48. 1740 b 62350 c 2030 b no herbicide no rye 435 a Annual grass plants per acre as influenced by herbicide, rye cover crop, and fumigant. no herbicide rye herbicides no rye herbicides rye

49. 8845 c 44,805 d 5945 b no herbicide no rye 2900 a Yellow nutsedge plants per acre as influenced by herbicide, rye cover crop, and fumigant. no herbicide rye herbicides no rye herbicides rye

50. Rye/Mulch System Fumigant under mulch if wanted

51. Rye/Mulch System Two Biggest Challenges: 1.Time required to get rye established 2.Delay in maturity

52. BIOLOGY Integrated to remain sustainable Management programs Diversity and Integration = Survival

53. Rapid Growth Becoming Extremely Large

54. 230 K 250 28 K 309 K Giant ragweed 450 K Number of Seed Produced per Plant Ragweed = Harrison et al. 2001; johnsongrass = Warwick and Black (1983); horseweed = Regehr and Bazzaz (1979); waterhemp = Nordby and Hartzler (2004); Palmer amaranth = Macrae et al (2009). Johnson -grass HorseweedWaterhempPalmer amaranth

55. Palmer amaranth seed production allows for rapid field domination Year 1Year 3 to 4

56. Weakness of Pigweeds 1. Emergence depth! 2. Seed life longevity? 3. Light requirement for emergence.

57. Nutsedge Tuber Production: The Key YEAR 1: 10 plants (tuber) survive fumigation 35,000 plants ready for year 2 YEAR 2: control = 95% control (1750 plants survive) 6,125,000 plants ready for year 3 YEAR 3: control = 95% control (306,250 plants survive) 1,071,875,000 plants ready for year 4

58. About 3 wk after emergence = tubers

59. ROTATE DISKING WITH ROUNDUP EVERY 3 WKS. ADD SANDEA IN WITH ROUNDUP ONCE IF NOT CARRYOVER PROBLEMS

60. Non-treated control Hoelon 2X rate

61. Non-treated control PowerFlex 3X rate or Osprey at 3X rate

62. Non-treated control Axial XL 2X rate

63. Non-treated control Was A Future Product

64. EPA will have great influence 1.Regulatory 2.More difficult to get new tools 3.Loss of old tools 4.Media sensitivity 5.More paperwork 6.Required training

65. INDUSTRY Georgia Department of Agriculture Commissioner Gary Black

66. Questions/Comments Culpepper, University of Georgia, Tifton Campus

67. Cotton/Melon Intercropping Melons planted as normal Cotton generally planted about 3 week later. GA acreage exceed 3000 during 2013

68. Cotton/Cucurbit Intercropping Cantaloupe SquashWatermelon 30 days after transplant

69. Cantaloupe-Cotton Intercropping CantaloupeCotton YieldNo reduction0-12% reduction Crop value17% increase>1,000 increase

70. Watermelon-Cotton Intercropping WatermelonCotton YieldNo reduction12-18% reduction Crop Value14% increase>1,000 increase

71. Cucurbit crop WatermelonCantaloupeSquash Row crop Soybean Peanut Cotton

72. Comments?