1. Atmosphere Temperature Precipitation Humidity Wind Radiation CO 2 Nitrogen Climate Feedbacks Sensible heat, Latent heat Albedo Net radiation Momentum CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O Dust Competition Disturbance Growth Introduction of invasive or non-native species Climate Change Succession Humans Land use Abandonment Humans Figure 28.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. 0.60.70.80.91.01.11.21.31.41.51.6 Solar Luminosity 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 Temperature (  C) 0.60.70.80.91.01.11.21.31.41.51.6 Solar Luminosity 20 40 60 80 Area (%) Black White Figure 28.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 01234567 Equilibrium Desert Savanna Woodland/shrubland Grassland/shrubland Iteration Area (million km 2 ) Figure 28.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. Figure 28.4 Summer Insolation ( W m -2 ) Annual Precipitation ( mm day -1 ) Fractional Vegetation Cover -9000 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000-10000 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 440 450 460 470 Years Before Present Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. 10  N15  N25  N20  N30  N 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Annual Precipitation (mm) Latitude Rain forestDry forestWoodlandShort grass 10  N15  N25  N20  N30  N 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Annual Precipitation (mm) Latitude Short grass Desert Tall grass Figure 28.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. 050100150200250 Years Fractional Vegetation Cover 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Forest & climatological SSTs Forest & interannual SSTs Desert & climatological SSTs Desert & interannual SSTs Figure 28.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1-May6-May 11-May16-May21-May26-May31-May 5-Jun 10-Jun15-Jun20-Jun25-Jun30-Jun Albedo (fraction) Tundra Low shrub Tall shrub Woodland Forest Figure 28.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8. -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 010203040506070 Latitude (  N) Temperature Difference (  C) January April July October Figure 28.8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9. Figure 28.9 Herbaceous plants 0.00.20.40.60.81.0 Fractional cover 0.00.20.40.60.81.0 Fractional cover Trees Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10. 1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 101-120 81-100 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 Growing Degree-Days Above 0  C Boreal Evergreen Tree Leaf Area Index (m 2 m -2 ) 0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5 Control Extended Forest Figure 28.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11. 1700180019002000 100 110 120 130 140 Relative Change In Stomatal Density (%) Figure 28.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

12. Figure 28.12 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan