1. Learning  relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience  Helps us …

2. Association  We learn by association  Associative Learning

3. Classical Conditioning  Ivan Pavlov  1849-1936  Russian physician/ neurophysiologist  Nobel Prize in 1904  studied digestive secretions

4. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning During ConditioningAfter Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)

5. Classical Conditioning  Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)  Unconditioned Response (UCR)  Neutral Stimulus

6. Then the conditioning is applied:  Classical Conditioning

7. Classical Conditioning  Conditioned Stimulus (CS)  Conditioned Response (CR)

8. Classical Conditioning UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS Unconditioned Respone will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS Unconditioned Response will elicit a CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED RESPONSE NEUTRAL STIMULUS will elicit NO REACTION

9. Classical Conditioning  Acquisition

10. Classical Conditioning  Extinction  Spontaneous Recovery

11. Classical Conditioning Strength of CR Pause Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR

12. Classical Conditioning  Generalization  tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses  Can be adatptive  Ex.

13. Classical Conditioning  Discrimination

14. Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning = biologically adaptive Helps organism prepare for good and bad events Helps an animal survive and reproduce

15. Why is Pavlov’s work important? 1. 2.

16. Applications of Classical Conditioning In drug treatment = Systematic Desensitization = Aversion Treatment =

17. Operant Conditioning  Operant Conditioning  Law of Effect

18. Operant Conditioning  Operant Behavior  Respondent Behavior

19. Operant Conditioning  B.F. Skinner (1904- 1990)  elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect  developed behavioral technology

20. Operant Chamber  Skinner Box  chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer  contains devices to record response rates

21. Operant Conditioning  Reinforcer  Shaping  Successive Approximation

22. Ways to increase behavior. Positive reinforcement  Strengthens a response by presenting... Negative reinforcement  Strengthens a response…

23. Principles of Reinforcement  Primary Reinforcer  Conditioned Reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)

24. Schedules of Reinforcement  Continuous Reinforcement  Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

25. Schedules of Reinforcement  Fixed Ratio (FR)

26. Schedules of Reinforcement  Variable Ratio (VR)

27. Schedules of Reinforcement  Fixed Interval (FI)

28. Schedules of Reinforcement  Variable Interval (VI)

29. Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Interval Number of responses 1000 750 500 250 0 10203040506070 Time (minutes) Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Steady responding Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 80

30. Punishment  Punishment  aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows  powerful controller of unwanted behavior ( )  Administering a ______________ consequence or withdrawing a __________________ one.

31. Cognition and Operant Conditioning  Cognitive Map  Latent Learning

32. Cognition and Operant Conditioning  Intrinsic Motivation  Extrinsic Motivation

33.  Observational Learning  Modeling

34. Observational Learning  Mirror Neurons  frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so  May…

35. Observational Learning  Alfred Bandura  Pioneering researcher in observational learning  we look and we learn  Thinking is affected by observations and direct consequences are not necessary

36. Observational Learning  This 14-month-old boy is imitating behavior he has seen on TV  Knowledge of the mere possibility of reinforcement or punishment may be enough to promote or suppress behavior.

37. Classical vs. Operant Conditioning CLASSICAL Stimulus precedes the response and elicits it Elicited responses Learning as a result of association Pavlov OPERANT Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it Emitted responses Learning as a result of consequences Skinner