2.  The study of animal behavior

3.  Graduated from Cambridge 1831  Traveled the world – UNPAID!  HMS Beagle  Studied fossils and living creatures  1859 published theory On the Origin of Species  Species – animal classification

4.  The process that awards survival & reproductive success best adjusted to their environment  Foundation for classical ethology

5.  Russian physiologist  Unconditional response › A simple reflex behavior  Dogs began to salivate w/ sight of food  Conditioned Stimulus › associate an objectivity unrelated environmental cue with food  Dogs learned to ring a bell for food  Stimulus Response › Muscular & glandular response that can be seen and measured › Theory of psychology including emotions, thoughts and habits › Can be seen and measured

6.  Classical conditioning › Associating stimuli that happens at the same time or same area  Operant conditioning › Associating an activity with punishment or reward › B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)  Foremost expert on the mechanism of operant conditioning

7.  AKA instrumental learning  Operant conditioning  Link many simple responses into complex chains of behavior › Uses environmental ques

8.  The study of the biological bases of the social behavior  Certain animal behavior patterns may be shaped in part my learning and environmental influences › Young animals may adapt appropriate behaviors with little experience

9.  Inherited characteristics › HUGE impact! › Selective breeding

10.  Fixed action patterns – stereotypical/predictable behavior  Instinct - inherited or genetically coded responses to environmental stimuli  Natural and inherent ability to perform tasks  Natural selection develops/refines behavior pattern  Very complex behaviors without trial and error

11.  Positive Reinforcement › Rewarding good behavior › Immediate pleasant occurrence › Encourages behavior  Negative Reinforcement › Immediate unpleasant occurrence › Unpleasant sensation or occurrence › Increases desired behavior

12.  Punishment › Decrease rather than increase a behavior  Positive punishment – adding an unwanted behavior to decrease behavior  Negative punishment – removing a desired occurrence to decrease behavior  MOST DIFFICULT – can create additional unwanted behaviors  Every time behavior occurs  Applied immediately  Appropriate intensity  NOT associated with Owner.

13.  Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (1903-1989)  Research it identifying various kinds of fixed action patterns  Imprinting – a rapid learning process that enables very young to recognize and bond with caretaker  Sensitive Period – period in which imprinting occurs › Cats – 2w-12w › Dogs – 2w-12w › Equine - Begins immediately

15.  Imprinting – a rapid learning process that enables the very young to recognize and bond with it’s caretaker

16.  Time imprinting occurs  Canines and Felines › 2 nd -3 rd week – 12 weeks  Equine › Immediately

18.  Animals continually adjust to social situations  Critical socialization  Canine › 4 – 14wks  Feline › 2-8wks

19.  Early contact with humans helps to respond to future stimuli  Early socialization MUST be positive

21.  Behavior from an impulse to harm another  Normal behavior › Socialization › Learned fear  Castration can help reduce aggression