2. Chapter 3, Section Chapter 3 Early Civilizations in India (2500 B.C.–256 B.C.) World History: Connection to Today

3. Chapter 3, Section Cities of the Indus Valley How has geography influenced India? How has archaeology provided clues about Indus Valley civilization? What theories do scholars hold about the decline of Indus Valley civilization?

4. Chapter 3, Section Geography of the Indian Subcontinent The Indus Valley is located on the subcontinent of India. The mountains in the north limited contact with other lands and helped India to develop a distinct culture. The subcontinent is divided into three major zones: northern plain, Deccan, and coastal plains. The rivers of India, particularly the Ganges, are considered sacred. The monsoon, or seasonal wind, is a defining feature of Indian life. 1

5. Chapter 3, Section The earliest Indian civilization flourished for about 1,000 years, then vanished without a trace. Archaeologists have only recently begun to uncover evidence of these early people, whose civilization included the following characteristics: Well-organized government Modern plumbing and sewer system Carefully planned cities First people to cultivate cotton Most people were farmers Traded with distant lands, including Sumer Polytheistic; honored mother goddess; worship of sacred animals influenced the later veneration of cattle Covered largest area of any civilization until the rise of Persia 1,000 years later Indus Valley Civilization 1

6. Chapter 3, Section II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley 2500 BC to 1500 BC – the Harappan Civilization developed in the Indus River valley An artistic conception of ancient Lothal

7. Chapter 3, Section II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley The named derives from one of the two discovered cities - Harappa and Mohenjo Daro ("Mound of the Dead“) Early settlements date to 7000 BC

8. Chapter 3, Section II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley Both cities were planned with wide streets, water systems, public baths, and brick sewers Ruins of Harappa

9. Chapter 3, Section This map shows the layout of Mohenjo-Daro, one of the principal cities of the Indus Valley civilization. The larger eastern area contained the residential and commercial sections of the city, which were laid out in a grid of large rectangular blocks. Rising more than twenty feet to the west stood the citadel, built on a mound of mud brick and rubble. Fortified by a brick wall and towers, the citadel contained the city’s shrine, assembly hall, baths, and granary.

10. Chapter 3, Section The Great Bath was entered using two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south. The floor of the tank is watertight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with gypsum plaster.

11. Chapter 3, Section II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley Each city had a strong central fortress, or citadel, on a brick platform Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro

12. Chapter 3, Section II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley Storehouses for grain indicate careful planning and a strong central government Harappa granary

13. Chapter 3, Section Decline and Disappearance of Indus Valley Civilization No one knows for certain why the cities were abandoned and forgotten. Scholars have proposed a number of theories : 1 Too many trees were cut down. A devastating earthquake destroyed the region. A volcanic eruption caused the Indus to flood the city. Aryan invaders overran the region.

14. Chapter 3, Section Section 1 Assessment Which of the following is true about the Indus Valley civilization? a) Its people were monotheistic. b) Its people were polytheistic. c) Most people were merchants. d) Its people were the first to grow corn. 1 Which geographical feature helped India to develop a distinct culture? a) river b) plain c) mountains d) plateaus

15. Chapter 3, Section 1 Section 1 Assessment Which of the following is true about the Indus Valley civilization? a) Its people were monotheistic. b) Its people were polytheistic. c) Most people were merchants. d) Its people were the first to grow corn. Which geographical feature helped India to develop a distinct culture? a) river b) plain c) mountains d) plateaus.

16. Chapter 3, Section Name the 5 levels of India’s Caste System 3._____________________ 1.__________ 4.____________________________ 2. 5.

17. Chapter 3, Section What were the main characteristics of Aryan civilization in India? How did expansion lead to changes in Aryan civilization? What do ancient Indian epics reveal about Aryan life? Kingdoms of the Ganges 2

18. Chapter 3, Section Built no cities and left no statues Nomadic warriors People born into castes, or social groups, which they could not change Felt superior to the people they conquered Polytheistic Religious teachings from the Vedas The Aryans destroyed and looted the civilization of the Indus Valley and built a new Indian civilization, which reflected the following characteristics: 2 Aryan Civilization

19. Chapter 3, Section The Caste System of India Brahmins (the priests and academics) Kshatriyas (rulers and military) Vaishyas (farmers, landlords,merchants) Sudras ( peasants, servants, and workers in non-polluting jobs) Untouchables ( leatherwork, street cleaning)

20. Chapter 3, Section structures the society. The Caste system is based on Hinduism’s belief in reincarnation.

21. Chapter 3, Section VishnuShiva Brahman

22. Chapter 3, Section Temple Priest Brahmin

23. Chapter 3, Section Politicians Kshatriya

24. Chapter 3, Section Farmers in rural India Vaishya

25. Chapter 3, Section Sweeping rice Sudras

26. Chapter 3, Section Women sweeping rain off road Untouchables

27. Chapter 3, Section Expansion led to change in Aryan civilization because they mingled with the people they conquered; gave up their nomadic ways and settled into villages to farm and breed cattle; learned such skills as iron making and developed crafts of their own; fought to control trade and territory; moved toward the idea of a single spiritual power; some rajas, or tribal chiefs, became hereditary rulers; developed the written language of Sanskrit. 2 Aryan Civilization

28. Chapter 3, Section Sanskrit Written Language A written language was developed

29. Chapter 3, Section The Mahabharata celebrates battle and reflects important Indian beliefs about the immortality of the soul. The Ramayana celebrates a daring and adventurous hero and portrays the ideal woman as loyal and obedient to her husband. Two great epic poems, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, tell us about Aryan life and values. Epic Literature 2

30. Chapter 3, Section Which of the following is not true of the early Aryans? a) They built magnificent palaces and temples. b) They were nomadic warriors. c) They organized people into castes. d) They believed in many gods. What is one way that expansion changed Aryan civilization? a) People settled into villages and took up farming. b) The Aryans isolated themselves from the people that they conquered. c) The Aryans stopped trying to gain additional lands. d) The Aryans developed a more complex religious system, which involved the worship of many more gods. Section 2 Assessment 2 Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

31. Chapter 3, Section 2 Which of the following is not true of the early Aryans? a) They built magnificent palaces and temples. b) They were nomadic warriors. c) They organized people into castes. d) They believed in many gods. What is one way that expansion changed Aryan civilization? a) People settled into villages and took up farming. b) The Aryans isolated themselves from the people that they conquered. c) The Aryans stopped trying to gain additional lands. d) The Aryans developed a more complex religious system, which involved the worship of many more gods. Section 2 Assessment Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

32. Chapter 3, Section Early Civilization in China How did geography influence early Chinese civilization? How did Chinese culture take shape under the Shang and the Zhou? What were key cultural achievements in early China? 3

33. Chapter 3, Section The Geography of China China was the most isolated of the civilizations studied thus far. Long distances and physical barriers separated China from Egypt, the Middle East, and India. Isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China was the center of the earth and the only civilization. As in Egypt and Mesopotamia, Chinese civilization began in a river valley, the Huang He. 3

34. Chapter 3, Section Gained control of corner of northern China along Huang He. Drove off nomads from northern steppes and deserts. Held complex religious beliefs. Developed written language used by all Chinese people. Overthrew the Shang. Promoted idea of Mandate of Heaven. Set up feudal state. Economy and commerce grew. Population increased. Zhou Dynasty (1027 B.C.–256 B.C.) Chinese civilization took shape under the Shang and Zhou. Shang Dynasty (1650 B.C.–1027 B.C.) 3

35. Chapter 3, Section The dynastic cycle refers to the rise and fall of dynasties. The Dynastic Cycle in China 3

36. Chapter 3, Section Discovered how to make silk thread. Silk became China’s most valuable export. Trade route to the Middle East became known as Silk Road. Made the first books from wood or bamboo. Studied the movement of planets and recorded eclipses of the sun. Developed accurate calendar with 365 1/4 days. Made remarkable achievements in the art of bronzemaking. The Chinese made progress in many areas during the Shang and Zhou periods. Cultural Achievements 3

37. Chapter 3, Section What does the dynastic cycle explain? a)why the Chinese had developed complex religious beliefs b) why there are floods and famine c) why there are peasant revolts d) why dynasties rise and fall Why was the development of silk making so important? a)It gave the peasants something to do. b) Silk became China’s most valuable export. c)It provided a way for the Chinese to get rid of annoying silkworms. d) Chinese experts traveled to foreign countries to teach silk making techniques. Section 3 Assessment 3 Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

38. Chapter 3, Section Section 3 Assessment 3 What does the dynastic cycle explain? a) why the Chinese had developed complex religious beliefs b) why there are floods and famine c) why there are peasant revolts d) why dynasties rise and fall Why was the development of silk making so important? a)It gave the peasants something to do. b) Silk became China’s most valuable export. c)It provided a way for the Chinese to get rid of annoying silkworms. d) Chinese experts traveled to foreign countries to teach silk making techniques. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.