1. What is India? Four different geographical regions North – mountainous Himalayas and Hindu Kush – nomadic Central Plains – Ganges and Indus Rivers – agricultural, highly productive farming Deccan plateau – mountainous, dry interior Ocean-based trading cities on the coasts

2. Elevation

3. Climate

4. Indian Ocean Trade: Western India faces Middle East and Africa; Eastern India faces Southeast Asia

5. Arabian Sea Culture; Bay of Bengal Culture

6. Maurya Empire (300 BCE)

7. Delhi Sultanate period, 1236

8. India, 1525

9. Indian Languages

10. Hindu areas

11. Muslim Areas

12. Delhi Sultanate period, 1236

14. Sikh and Jain areas

16. Pre-Partition Map

17. British India: Unity and Disunity British were experts at setting one group against another –Used Sikhs to crush the Sepoy Rebellion –Institutionalized and regularized caste divisions to split leaders from masses –Gave separate voting rights to Muslims - helped create the All-India Muslim League as an alternative to the Indian National Congress

18. Indian National Congress becomes a mass movement Gandhi transforms the INC from a group of elites to a mass movement Salt March - a mass movement to show non- violent opposition to British monopoly and taxes on salt http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo ns/b/bc/Salt_March.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo ns/b/bc/Salt_March.ogg

19. Gandhi at his spinning wheel Accepts the past to raise self-esteem, show moral superiority, reject British civilization Rejects the past where it prevents liberation: caste, ethnic division “ A national culture is not a folklore…it takes its place at the very heart of the struggle for freedom. ” (Fanon)

20. Nehru or Gandhi: Which way forward?

21. Nehru and Gandhi: Which way forward? “ Many of the rituals of modern individualism become visible in India in the 19 th century. Along with these came modern industry, technology, medicine, a quasi- bourgeois (though colonial) legal system. At the top of these institutions sat the modern state, that is, the European nation-state. Referring to the Indian nationalists ’ demands for more railways, medicine and bourgeois law Gandhi remarked… this was to ‘ make India English ’ or, as he put it, to have ‘ English rule without the Englishmen. ’” -- Dipesh Chakrabarty

22. Decision of the All-India Muslim League Fight for equal rights, continued “ special ” political status within one India? Demand a Muslim “ Pakistan ” ? –“ Land of the Pure ” = Pakistan –Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir = Pakistan Note that this idea left out majority Muslim, but not contiguous “ East Pakistan ”