1. Money, Sex and Power Equality and the politics of redistribution: is money enough? Week 2 2011-12

2. Distribution and recognition Nancy Fraser – claims for social justice/equality based on –i. socio-economic redistribution –ii. legal or cultural recognition This week redistribution and equality Next week recognition and equality

3. Lecture outline (1) Politics of redistribution (2) How to measure inequality (3) The relationship between economic inequality and power

4. Feminism and equality Feminist movement demanded –equal sexual rights and the end of the sexual double standard –equal political representation –equal access to education Liberal demands – improve access to material resources Improve women’s bargaining power Reduce men’s power over women

5. Marxism and equality Redistribution of resources also central to Marxist/socialist tradition Engels – women’s participation in labour force key to equality Socialist feminist and liberal feminists agreed about importance of women’s integration into the labour force

6. Need In Communist Manifesto ‘From each according to his [sic] need, to each according to his ability’ Idea of need Equal distribution may not be a socially just distribution People’s needs differ

7. The family wage 19 th century struggle for family wage was about distribution of resources Fighting for redistribution from capitalist class to working class From women to men within the working class Labour movement demand for family wage opposed to feminist demands for equal pay

8. Individualisation and globalisation Increased women’s participation in the workforce Decline of male-breadwinner family Beck, Giddens, Castells, Bauman argue that individualisation and globalisation have increased women’s independence Increased women’s bargaining power in family Thereby undermining patriarchy

9. Measuring inequality Demand for equality in terms of income and wealth is distributional equality Unit of comparison - family-household or individual? Can’t assume that resources are equally distributed within households Some individuals need more than others, e.g. of disabilities

10. Does inequality matter? Anne Phillips argues that it does What are effects of inequality on power? Women have different interests because are found across hierarchy of class, status and racial divisions Increase in economic power/ decrease in economic inequality may not translate directly into power

11. Power to and power over Power to is the ability to do things – to act Trade off submission to power of others over them in exchange for enhanced power to Access to resources gives women power to Enhances negotiating position within household

12. Power over Greater economic equality between women and men has given some women experience of power over others, e.g. as managers Also as employers within the domestic sphere

13. Inequalities still exist Women with degrees are estimated to face only a 4% loss in lifetime earnings as a result of motherhood, while mothers with mid-level qualifications face a 25% loss and those with no qualifications a 58% loss. Women aged 40 earn on average 27% less than men of the same age. Disabled men experience a pay gap of 11% compared with non- disabled men, while the gap between disabled women and non- disabled men is double this at 22%. Some research suggests that Black graduates face a 24% pay penalty. Disabled women experience a 31% pay penalty compared to non- disabled men (http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/key- projects/triennial-review/online-summary/employment/)http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/key- projects/triennial-review/online-summary/employment/ EHRC report ‘How fair is Britain?’ 11 th October 2010

14. Conclusions 1. Equality/redistribution one of the aims of both second wave feminism and socialism 2. Measuring inequality is problematic – easiest to measure income inequality – but what unit of measurement should be used? 3. There is a relationship between economic inequality and power – men generally have greater decision- making power, this relates to their greater earning capacity and therefore access to resources 4.Need to distinguish between power to and power over 5. Despite 40 years of Equal Pay Act there is a gender pay gap