1. Dark Green: By 8,000 years ago Light Green: By 6,000 years ago Red Dots: Early agricultural settlements Orange lined area: Distribution of Wild cereals White diagonal lines: Distribution of: Wild sheep and goats

2. Early Migration

3. Impact of Agricultural Societies on Environment  Irrigation  Salinization of soil  Slash and burn  desertification  Population increase  Urbanization

4. Impact of Agricultural Society on Social Interaction and Social Stratification  Increased labor specialization  Increased work-load!!! Especially for children!  Increased conflict over resources, labor, and luxury items with new technologies  Social stratification (socio-economic classes develop)  City-states with urban areas, specialized institutions, military, religious, social and political hierarchies, long distance trade, economic (as well as ideas, inventions and germs) exchanges between local and regional, as well as nomadic pastoralists and settled peoples.

5. Impact of Agricultural Society on Gender Roles  How might gender roles change as people stop their nomadic lifestyles and become horticulturalists?  Early Neolithic horticulturalists: shared responsibility  women farmed with the help of her children, men hunted, then helped at home.  With population growth and expansion, military became more important and women increasingly were viewed by society as inferior.  goddesses lost out to gods  Family line through the father (patrilineal) instead of through the mother (matrilineal)  Patriarchy in early societies(Code of Hammurabi)

6. Population  Demography: The study of population size, growth and age structure, and of the forces (fertility, mortality, migration) that lead to population change.