1. Ecological Economics Lecture 02 A Refresher on the Philosphy of Science Tiago Domingos Assistant Professor Environment and Energy Scientific Area Department of Mechanical Engineering tdomingos@ist.utl.pt Doctoral Program and Advanced Degree in Sustainable Energy Systems Doctoral Program in Mechanical Engineering Doctoral Program in Environmental Engineering https://fenix.ist.utl.pt/disciplinas/ee/2010-2011/2-semestre

2. A Refresher on the Philosophy of Science I Inductivism –“All swans are white” –The induction problem: black swans Falsificationism (Karl Popper) –Assymetry in truth: I can prove that “All swans are white” is false, but I cannot prove that it is true I can prove that “Some swans are black” is true, but I cannot prove that it is false –The assymetry is in “all” (universal quantifier) vs. “some” (existential quantifier) –Falsifiability provides a criterion for demarcation between science and non-science Chalmers, A. F. (1999). What is this thing called science? (3rd. ed.) Open University Press, Buckingham. [most of the book is available on Google Books] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability

3. A Refresher on the Philosophy of Science II Kuhn’s paradigms –Paradigms: normal science (problem solving) –Revolutions: incommensurability Lakatos’s research programs –Hard core –Protective belt (auxiliary theory) –Negative and positive heuristics –... so, theories are not just rejected based on specific “crucial” experiments e.g.: Michelson-Morley experiment Chalmers, A. F. (1999). What is this thing called science? (3rd. ed.) Open University Press, Buckingham. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Lakatos http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn

4. Uncertainty Knowns Deterministic problems Known unknowns Stochastic problems (risk) Unknown unknowns True uncertainty Dealing with uncertainty –Adaptive management http://www.resalliance.org/index.php/adaptive_management http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-armed_bandit –Resilience http://www.resalliance.org/index.php/resilience –Precautionary principle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle

5. Ciência pós-normal (Funtowicz e Ravetz) ElevadaBaixa Elevada Incerteza Ciência aplicada Consultoria Ciência pós-normal Importância