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X-Ray PhysicsDXO 607 The Basic Principles of X-ray Production Michael J. O’Connor D.C.

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Presentation on theme: "X-Ray PhysicsDXO 607 The Basic Principles of X-ray Production Michael J. O’Connor D.C."— Presentation transcript:

1 X-Ray PhysicsDXO 607 The Basic Principles of X-ray Production Michael J. O’Connor D.C.

2 Chapter 1 IntroductionToX-ray

3 What is a ray? n A beam of radiant energy which travels as a wave motion and is measured in terms of energy & wavelength.

4 The Duality of X-ray n Two types of radiation: Corpuscular radiation - tiny bits of matter moving almost as fast as the speed of light.Corpuscular radiation - tiny bits of matter moving almost as fast as the speed of light. Wavelength radiation (electromagnetic) - waves of radiant energy possessing no mass and no weight.Wavelength radiation (electromagnetic) - waves of radiant energy possessing no mass and no weight.

5 The Duality of X-ray n It was said that x-ray has no mass or weight however in recent years this concept has been closely scrutinized & questioned. n Example: Cathode rays have been shown to have alpha & Beta particles. These particles are of interest to us as they are the mass particles of radiation explosions & produce radioactive material.

6 The Duality of X-ray n A Quanta is a bundle of energy or radiation n Limiting of electrons in each shell is determined by 2n 2 (n = number of the shell) n Example: What is the maximum number of electrons in the third shell? 2(3 2 ) = 18

7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum n Electric and Magnetic waves comprise the electromagnetic spectrum and are arranged according to their wavelengths. Sixty cycle A.C. current is the longest, their wave length being approximately 3000 miles; cosmic rays are the shortest at about one hundred- billionth of an inch. n X-ray is approximately one billionth of an inch.

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9 What is an X-ray? n An x-ray or Roentgen ray is a ray that is characterized by the following physical properties: Has neither mass or weight -Has No ChargeHas neither mass or weight -Has No Charge Moves in straight linesMoves in straight lines Moves at the speed of light (186,000 mi/sec)Moves at the speed of light (186,000 mi/sec) Is invisibleIs invisible Is differentially absorbed by matterIs differentially absorbed by matter Affects photographic emulsionsAffects photographic emulsions Produces fluorescence & phosphorescence in some substancesProduces fluorescence & phosphorescence in some substances Can ionize gases & can damage, kill or stimulate tissueCan ionize gases & can damage, kill or stimulate tissue Is unaffected by electric or magnetic fieldsIs unaffected by electric or magnetic fields

10 What is an X-ray? n Milliampere (MA): is responsible for the number of rays produced. n Kilovolts (kV): is the penetrating power. n MAS (MA x Sec.): is the product of MA multiplied by the time of exposure (in seconds)

11 What is an X-ray? n We can prove the presence of x-ray by: Their action on photographic emulsionTheir action on photographic emulsion Their action on certain crystals causing fluorescenceTheir action on certain crystals causing fluorescence Their ionization action on certain gases causing them to become conductors of electricityTheir ionization action on certain gases causing them to become conductors of electricity Their action on certain chemical systems causing them to have a measurable changeTheir action on certain chemical systems causing them to have a measurable change Their action on certain substances causing these substances to change colorTheir action on certain substances causing these substances to change color Under certain conditions x-ray can be seenUnder certain conditions x-ray can be seen

12 The Discovery of X-ray n X-ray was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen while he was the director of the Physical Institute at the University of Wurzburg, Bavaria. n Geissler, Crookes and Leonard had prepared the way by experiments in the preceding 35 years - most probably producing x-rays many times.

13 The Discovery of X-ray n Roentgen discovered the ray while experimenting with an induction coil and a vacuum tube enclosed in black paper. A sheet of cardboard coated with barium platinocyanide, a substance known to fluoresce in the light of such an apparatus, glowed with all tube light excluded by the black paper covering.

14 The Discovery of X-ray n Roentgen picked up the cardboard and in doing so saw the bones of his hand upon it. He called his great discovery x- rays - “x” representing the unknown. They are often termed Roentgen rays in honor of their discoverer.


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