1. Disorders usually diagnosed in infancy, childhood and adolescence
Childhood Disorders
Disorders usually diagnosed in infancy, childhood and adolescence

2. Mental Retardation
IQ and deficits in adaptive functioning in at least 2 areas
Onset prior to 18
Many causes possible
Mild to 70
Moderate to 50-55
Severe to 35-40
Profound below 20-25
Severity Unspecified

3. TX MR Diagnose early to treat and prevent
Many can be prediagnosed inutero to prevent MR: PKU, hypothyroidism, hydrocephalus, allergy to milk enzymes
Educate parents about tetrogens
Educational interventions
Family interventions
Medications

4. Learning Disabilities- Public Law 94-142
Reading Disorder
Inaccurate reading, slow reading, poor reading comprehensions, along with spelling problems, poor writing, speech delay and dyspraxia
Switch from phonetic to holistic instruction, or the reverse
Tutoring and small group instruction
Mutisensory instruction long-term, patience with slow progress
Teacher plus comuter assisted instruction with repetition and practice

5. Mathematics Disorder
Difficulties with learning number names, rote counting, learning printed numerals, committing basic fact to memory, difficulties with concepts of combining and separating are just some of the initial symptoms
Tx: Drill and practice programs, determine strengths and weaknesses (concrete, semiconcrete, abstract), activities to help generalize concepts, clear teaching of “math vocabulary”, use of calculators when problems involve math reasoning, use of acronyms to remember math facts

6. Disorder of Written Expression (does not require testing due to lack of availability of tests to measure this-WoodCock Johnston can be helpful)
Handwriting problems
Spelling problems
Error in grammar and syntax
Learning Disorder NOS

7. How to test for an LD
Testing for LD (Achievement is >2 SDs below IQ-Woodcock Johnston and WISC. If IQ scores are compromised by LD or other issue, then a smaller discrepancy can be justified)

8. Motor Skills Disorder Developmental Coordination Disorder
Fine or gross motor skill development is delayed, causing significant impairment in academics or daily activities
Remember that all children develop strengths and weaknesses while developing and this must be a MARKED delay

9. Communication Disorders
Expressive Language Disorder
Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder
Phonological Disorder-articulation
Stuttering
Communication Disorder NOS
Early dx and intervention can help

10. Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Autistic Disorder- impairments in social interactions soon after birth and persist thru out life (often MR)
Rett’s Disorder-Girl Disorder- Normal development for 6 months, then develop autistic like symptoms, language impairments, poor coordination, psychomotor retardation, and small head
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder- Two years normal, then become impaired in two major areas of functioning
Asperger’s Disorder- The Nerd- partial autism w/out cognitive and language delays
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Including Atypical Autism)

11. Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Symptoms before age 7
Test for using WMS, WISC, Digit Vigilance Test, Trails A&B
Medication and reduction of stimuli, small groups, and transitional cues
Family therapy, use cognitive therapy to teach to think before acting
No ADD dx in DSM
Biological underpinnings
ADHD NOS

12. A continuum of disorders
Oppositional Defiant Disorder- May have had ADHD. Angry child who ignores the rules, is spiteful and vindictive- but does not seriously violate the rights of others. Behavior may occur in one envir. but not another. Tends to begin prior to early adolescence. Outcome of Tx usually poor, may try parent training and paradoxal approaches.
Conduct Disorder- violate norms and the rights of others. Often have difficulties with abstract reasoning…may have been ADHD, ODD leading to missing cognitive skills development. Behavioral treatments are used, help develop empathy if possible to avoid Antisocial personality as adult. No proven Tx
Disruptive Behavior NOS

13. Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood
Pica- At least one month eating nonfood items that is developmentally and culturally inappropriate. Not due to another disorder
Rumination Disorder- At least 1 month of regurgitating and rechewing food
Feeding Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood- 1 month of failure to eat properly resulting in weight loss or lack of appropriate weight gain before age 6.

14. Tic Disorders
Stress makes them worse, sleep and absorbing activities-better
All may be variants of the same disorders
Tourette’s Disorder
Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
Transient Tic Disorder
Tic Disorder NOS

15. Elimination Disorders
Encopresis- can dx at 4 yrs
Anxious vs defiant
May occur after life stress
Regular toilet times, muscle training, diet w/ high fiber to reduce constipation, medication (stool softeners, laxatives), stress management
Enuresis- can dx at 5 yrs, tends to be biological
Delay urination after large intake of liquid
Conditioning devices
Medication- imipraimine

16. Other Childhood Disorders
Separation Anxiety Disorder-
Fear harm to, or separation from major attachment figures.
Usually after a life stress. May turn into Dependent PD.
Use transitional objects and gradually increase length of separations, increase choices and autonomy behaviors, work with parents on their anxiety
Selective Mutism- Speaks in some E, but not others- usually lasts a few weeks

17. Other Childhood Disorders
Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood- No/little attachment (orphanages) may form ODD, CD, APD. Controversial Tx
Stereotypic Movement Disorder-self-stimulate intentionally to increase stimulation
Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence NOS