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Picture placeholder Move this graphic placeholder onto your poster, size it first, and then click it to add a picture to the poster. © 2012 PosterPresentations.com 2117 Fourth Street, Unit C Berkeley CA 94710 posterpresenter@gmail.com To see if copper, aluminum, or iron nanoparticles could be mixed with water to increase their distillation rates by helping to more efficiently disperse heat. This could result in people without clean water being able to distill it much more quickly and easily. Research Purpose Background Nanoparticle Type Test -4 trials per nanoparticle suspension,.1 M suspension of each nanoparticle placed out underneath a Fresnel lens in sunlight. Ideal Concentration Test -4 trials per suspension,.0001 M,.001 M,.01 M, and.1M suspension of the nanoparticle determined from the prior test placed out underneath a Fresnel lens in sunlight. Water Clarity Test -4 trials per suspension, molarity will be determined by results of the prior test. Each suspension placed out underneath a Fresnel lens in a sunlight, and then clarity measured using a specific gravity meter. Materials - 4 Fresnel Lenses, Analytical balance, Hot plate, 20 L distilled water, 25g Aluminum nanoparticles, 25g Copper nanoparticles, 25g Iron nanoparticles, 4 mirrors, 4 1 cubic liter plastic containers, 12 wooden dowels, 4 paper plates, tape. Experimental Design Diagrams Materials and Methods Results Data Analysis In the nanoparticle type test table, the average amount of water lost for each nanoparticle suspension is shown. Through four trials, the aluminum nanoparticles resulted in the highest average amount of water being lost from the amount started with at 12.55 milliliters. While the aluminum had the highest average amount lost, Iron was used in the second stage of testing. The iron had the second highest average amount of water lost per trial at 12.05 milliliters, but its standard deviation was highest due to a testing anomaly.. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was conducted on the data collected from this test with a confidence interval of 95%. The P-Value for this test was found to be 0.081, and because it was greater than.05, the data was found to be statistically insignificant. In the molarity test results table, the mean water loss of the evaporation tests for each molarity of iron suspension is shown. Once the four trials for this test were completed and the average water loss for each suspension was calculated, it was found that the.01M suspension had the highest mean loss at 12.05 milliliters. A one-way ANOVA test was conducted on the results of the four tests, and the P-value of this test was found to be 0.895. This value is much higher than the expected value of <0.05, and so the data was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion From the results of these tests, the researchers are able to support the research hypothesis, because the addition of nanoparticles caused a significant difference between the nanoparticle samples and the distilled water trials. Iron nanoparticles had the second highest amount of water lost during testing, but due to its high standard deviation it was believed to have the best results and so it was chosen for use in molarity testing. In the molarity tests, the average value for the.0100M test were higher than those of the other molarity trials, but not so much higher as to be significantly different than the other trials, though it was determined to be the closest trial to the optimum molarity for solar water desalination. Due to testing errors in the final four trials for saltwater testing, these results are not viable for discussion. Because the research hypothesis is supported, the researchers have reached their goal of finding an optimum metal and concentration of nanoparticle to be used when attempting to desalinate water using solar energy concentration. Sources of Error The Fresnel Lenses were knocked over on multiple occasions during testing, so all samples may have not received the same amount of concentrated sunlight. Weather conditions were not the same for each test. Sunlight intensity varied which led to varied results. The amount of water lost could have been improperly recorded by the researchers. Future Research It seemed that the more settled a suspension became, the faster the water vaporized. The researchers plan to conduct future testing using metal foils in the place of nanoparticles as a source of heat for the water particles, because the foils will not be dissolved in the suspension and so they will be unable to settle and influence the results. Iron, copper, and aluminum are metallic elements, and one quality of metallic elements is that they conduct heat very well due to their delocalized electrons. Distilling one liter of water using sunlight takes ten times as much energy as boiling water. Roughly 12.5% of the world’s population does not have access to clean drinking water. While parts of the world may have access to water, it may be unsanitary and therefore unsafe to drink. Distillation is a process that requires only sunlight to be completed, and so it uses no fossil fuels and also produces no harmful emissions. Jordan Dobson and Alex Norwood Independent Variable: Type of Metal AluminumCopperIron No Nanoparticles (Control) 4 Trials Independent Variable: Type of Metal AluminumCopperIron No Nanoparticles (Control) 4 Trials Optimizing Nanoparticle Enabled Vapor Creation in Desalination Hypothesis RESEARCH: If distilled water with no nanoparticles, aluminum, copper, and iron nanoparticles are put through the same tests to determine which results in the highest water evaporation rate, then iron will have the highest evaporation rate. If different starting and ending concentrations of iron nanoparticles are tested to determine which results in the highest evaporation rate, then the highest concentration will result in the highest rate of water evaporation. If the iron nanoparticles are used in the optimum conditions found in the previous testing, then the water will be distilled at a useable rate. NULL: If aluminum, copper, and iron nanoparticles are put through the same tests to determine which results in the highest water evaporation rate, then all four suspensions will have the same results. If all four suspensions are tested at different concentrations, then all four suspensions will have the same results. The were not significant differences in the amount of water lost for each nanoparticle type and molarity because the P- values of the two tests conducted were greater than 0.05. A one –way ANOVA test with a confidence interval of <0.05 was conducted. DF: 3 for both tests. P-Value for comparison: 5.99 for both tests. P-Value of tests: 0.081 for nanoparticle test, 0.895 for molarity test. Statistical Analysis and Results Independent Variable: Type of Metal AluminumCopperIronNo Nanoparticles (Control) 4 Trials Independent Variable: Concentration of Metal.1 M.01 M.001 M.0001 M 4 Trials Dependent Variable: Water loss in 10 minutes Constants: Testing environment, concentration of metal, starting suspension volume, lens type, time of day. Control (Type of Metal Test): No nanoparticles. Molarity Test Results Milliliters Molarity Nanoparticle Type Test Results Milliliters Suspension Type