1. How social enterprise could foster sustainable livelihood in post conflict Somalia Dr. Muna Ismail Initiatives of Change, UK Presented at international conference Universities developing social entrepreneurship through cross-sector collaboration York St John University 1-3 Sept 2015

2. Initiative of Change IofC is a world-wide movement Areas of focus : Trustbuilding: Peace and social cohesion through trust and reconciliation. Ethical Leadership: Good governance by developing a leadership culture based on moral integrity, compassion and selfless service. Sustainable living: Economic justice and environmental sustainability by transformation of motives and behavio -

3. Somalia covers a total area of 637,657 sq. km Total Population: 12,316,895 [23% Rural; 26% Nomads; 42% Urban; 9% IDP] Population Survey Estimation UNFPA - 2104

4. Major land use types for livelihood  Pastoralism: is the major type of land use in Somalia.  Rain fed agriculture: northwest and northeast areas using seasonal streams and springs having available water for irrigated fruits and vegetables  Irrigated agriculture: Inter-riverine flood plains along river Jubba and Shabelle. Bread basket of the country.

5. Social Structure  Clan based Social system. Linage identity or Clannism is a central organising force  More significant in the years of the collapse of state (1991-2012)  Women rarely seen as official decision makers in the clan system  Through out the civil war women enjoyed greater mobility than men. Local pioneers of informal social enterprise

6. Reinforces of instability Economic reality Lack of Opportunity/ Limited Capacity Environmental degradation Lack of good governance Insecurity, Corruption, Injustice

7.  Increase of human and livestock population influencing the changing patterns that have been occurring in land use  Changes of national and global economy. Economic life characterized by under developed banking system and lack of physical infrastructure  Climate change-induced ecological stresses diminishing resilience to conflict and food security Hardy drought resistant food plants Main Challenges

8. Small tree or shrub species endemic to Ethiopia and Somalia Local/regional importance in the dry lands of the Horn of Africa Tasty edible seed, referred to as a ‘nut’. High nutritional and economic value Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis)

9. Why Yeheb! Potential for development as a food resource for the semi- arid regions Regeneration of Yeheb plant in the indigenous habitats will reduce chronic food insecurity Ideal for any adaptive strategies to regenerate sustainable livelihood for pastoralist communities Ideal for soil conservation, mulching and hedgerow

10. Exploratory mission in Somaliland 19 th May to 7 th of June 2015  Gather evidence about Yeheb in Somaliland and the level of the existing knowledge of its use  Assess the capacity of pastoral/rural communities to generate ideas to diversify livelihoods

11.  Land degradation and overgrazing due to conflicts, droughts and poor land management  Major constraints to natural regeneration and imbalance: i.Over-harvesting of immature nuts ii.Excessive browsing iii.Excessive cutting of wood for fuel

12. Participatory management to sustain rangeland conditions for livelihood Dialogue over natural resource sharing Help build resilience at community through social entrepreneurship, peace and trust-building Diaspora role

13. Thank you