1. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity (working title) Measures : Metric Reach, Directional Reach Instrument developed at Morphology Lab, College of Architecture, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, USA (2007-2011 ) The instrument approaches accessibility through the notion of street connectivity. It has a twofold character METRIC and SYNTACTIC Software: Spatialst_Lines (on a GIS platform) Same theoretical context as space syntax

2. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity Starting point: Configurational approach of street networks enables us to have a generalized description of urban spatial structure without evoking information about land uses. Why it is important? Street networks enable cities to function and provide the physical framework for shared life. Street networks remain relatively stable over long periods of time, they act as the public constitutional framework that governs the redeployment of population and land uses on private properties. How it can contribute to urban design? From the point of view of the evolution of design of cities the fundamental question is: How does the configuration of streets and the density of streets and land division support the other kinds of densities which are characteristic of urbanism. Empirical Research has shown that connectivity of street networks is a factor that affects accessibility.

3. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity Measures : Metric Reach, Directional Reach Concept and software developed at Morphology Lab, College of Architecture, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, USA (2007-2011) Input data: street networks are represented in standard GIS format [ central lines, segments, nodes) Software: Spatialst_Lines (on an Arcview platform which enables access to databases (land use distribution, population data, traffic volume, etc)

4. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity Metric reach is very similar to walking catchment areas. It is a measure of the total street length accessible within a specific walking distance from the center of each street segment in an urban network Parametric measure. Threshold (distance to be traveled) A measure of density Metric Reach, Directional ReachMeasures:

5. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity The mean metric reach is different than street length, number of intersections or number of blocks 1. Same street length 3. Same no of blocks and same no of intersections 2. Same street length and no of intersections The question of configuration

6. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity Directional reach is a syntactic measure. It measures the total street length accessible within a specific number of direction changes from the center of each street segment in an urban network. A direction change is defined as a turn larger than a parametrically defined threshold. Whereas metric reach extends uniformly along the streets surrounding a given street segment, directional reach may extend much less uniformly, because it is sensitive to the shape and alignment of streets, not merely to their density Metric Reach, Directional ReachMeasures:

7. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity Metric Reach map of Atlanta Max distance ¼ mile output

8. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity Directional Reach map of Atlanta 2 changes of direction Parametric threshold 10 degrees output

9. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity Importance for planning and design practices 1. The measures of street connectivity are easy to implement on a GIS platform and results are easy to be related or tested against standard data. 2. They are able to provide criteria for the evaluation and development of designs and regulatory frameworks that support pedestrians’ accessibility and to differentiate between proposals that equally cover the quantitative demands of a design brief.

10. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity KAUST Science Town Masterplan, by Perkins + Will (2010)

11. D e pt. o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e / assoc., prof, Vaso Trova Accessibility Instrument: connectivity References 2011, A. Ozbil, J. Peponis and B. Stone, Understanding the link between street connectivity, land use and pedestrian flows, Urban Design International 16, pp 125-141 2008, J. Peponis, S. Bafna, Z. Zhang, The connectivity of streets: Reach and Directiobal distance, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design vol 35, pp 881- 901 2007, J.Peponis, D. Allen, S. French, M. Scoppa, J. Brown, Street connectivity and urban density, Proceedings, 6 th International Space Syntax Symposium, Istanbul

12. D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h I t e c t u r e _ U n I v e r s I t y o f T h e s s a l y _ G r e e c e Accessibility Instrument: connectivity Urban Form and Pedestrian Movement There is a growing body of literature discussing how density, land use and street connectivity affect walking. Higher population densities are generally associated with more walking Compact developments with higher densities degenerate vehicle trips and encourage non-motorized travel by reducing the distance between origins and destinations, by offering a wider variety of choices for commuting and a better quality of transit services, and by triggering changes in the overall travel pattern of households. Recent policy initiatives have proposed strategies of development aimed at reducing auto-dependence rates by encouraging denser development infrastructure