1. Mr. Kopp’s 8 th Grade Earth Science Welcome

2. Classroom Norms, Rules, and Expectations Note taking Name: Mr. KoppUnit: Intro. to Earth ScienceTopic: What is Earth Science?Date: 9/10/15 Essential Questions: What is Earth Science? ---------------------- What are the Branches of Earth Science? Notes: -The study of Earth and its place in space -The history of Earth and how it changes over time ------------------------------------------------------------------- Earth Science is divided into Meteorology (weather), Astronomy (space), Oceanography (oceans), Geology (solid part of Earth), and Ecology (interaction between life and earth) Connections to videos, readings, and labs: Video: “Introduction to Earth Science” Viewed different things an Earth Scientist might study -Galaxies -Tornadoes -Mountains

3. How do we think scientifically? 1. Make observations using your 5 senses –

4. 2. Express any literal findings No metaphor or flowery language Be specific, accurate

5. 3. Generate Inferences Using prior knowledge and experience to determine a possible explanation

6. 4. Make real world connections What are the applications of my inference to other real world events?

7. 5. Write a conclusion based on factual evidence

8. What is the Scientific Method? Series of steps that help guide scientific study Must be repeatable (recipe) Validates conclusions

9. What are the steps of the scientific method? 1) Make an Observation in nature 2) Identify the problem/ask a question 3) Conduct Research 4) Form a Hypothesis 5) Experiment 6) Collect/Analyze Data 7) Draw a Conclusion 8) Present your findings

10. Fact From Fiction Scientist classify ideas based upon their ability to PROVE their ideas using mountains of evidence and repeatable experiments Scientific Law – description of what scientists find happening in nature repeatedly and in the same way without exception Scientific Theory – a well-tested and widely accepted hypothesis

11. Scientific Method Keys Terms Data – any set of information Control – part of an experiment that does not change (used for comparison) Variable – part of an experiment that is different

12. Chapter 1: Introduction to Earth Science GEOLOGY ASTRONOM Y OCEANOGRAP HY METEOROLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

13. What is Earth Science? The name for the group of sciences that study the Earth and its neighbors in space.

18. BIG BANG THEORY FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE!

21. NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

22. Formation of the Earth NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS– the solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust (nebula)

23. Nebular Theory Continued 1) A nearby Giant star explodes in a supernova 5 - 7 billion years ago 2) The material from this explosion formed a giant cloud of gas and dust – SOLAR NEBULA

24. Nebular Theory Continued 3) The cloud begins to spin due to a gravitational forces 4) Materials accrete (come together) at the center as the cloud flattens out

25. Nebular Theory Continued 5) Increased gravity and heat at the center causes immense amounts of material to accrete (come together) at the center (99% of all) – Fusion begins forming our sun

26. Nebular Theory Continued 6) Meanwhile, due to friction, hundreds of larger chunks are forming in the outer portions of the flattened cloud – Planetismals

27. Nebular Theory Continued 7) The larger chunks grow faster than the smaller chunks due to higher gravitational force 8) Only the biggest 50 - 100 or so capture all of the other chunks – Protoplanets

28. 9) The biggest ones have enough gravitational pull to capture the lightest gases such as hydrogen and helium, they are also far enough away from the center (cold enough) to capture icy materials such as ammonia and methane – they become the Outer Planets or Gas Giants (After the Sun began fusion, solar wind pushed particles outward to the outer planets causing additional growth)

29. 10) The smaller, closer ones are not large enough and are too hot to capture many gases. They are called the Inner Planets or Terrestrial Planets

30. Nebular Theory Continued 11) Collisions continue on a massive scale… – A mars-sized object collides with the Earth forming our moon 12) Many of the moons of the outer planets were captured by the planet’s gravitational pull

31. Nebular Theory 1) Supernova creates giant cloud 2) Giant Cloud (Nebula) begins to spin 3) Nebula rotates, flattens, accretion in center (protostar) 4) 100s of planetismals grow in the outer portion of the disk-like cloud 5) Fusion begins – Sun is born 6) 50-100 Proto-planets grow 7) Massive collisions happen - # of proto-planets decrease 8) Inner planets remain small and rocky (due to heat) Outer planet grow huge and gaseous (due to size and cold) 9) moons are captured or created by explosions

32. Earth’s Structure

33. Structure of the Earth Crust – silicon and oxygen (least dense) Mantle – silicon, oxygen, and magnesium 2,885 km thick, the mantle is 82% of Earth’s volume. Outer Core – liquid iron and nickel 2,255 km thick Density – 10-12 g/cm3 Inner Core – solid iron and nickel (most dense) Radius of 1,220 km. Density – 13 g/cm3

34. Composition of the crust

36. Types of Crust Continental crust – Underlies the continents. –Avg. rock density about 2.7 g/cm3. –Avg. thickness 35-40 km. –Felsic composition (light color) - Avg. rock type = Granite Oceanic crust – Underlies the ocean basins. –Density about 3.0 g/cm3. –Avg. thickness 7-10 km. –Mafic composition (dark color) - Avg. rock type = Basalt/Gabbro

37. Origin of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans While the Earth was cooling, gasses escaped from the interior (think volcanic eruptions) which became the Atmosphere and eventually rained down to become the oceans Source of Heat – radioactive materials, collisions of asteroids/comets

38. Shape of the Earth Oblate Spheroid - Not a perfect sphere Flatter at the poles, bulges at the equator An object weighs more at the poles (15N) than it does at the equator (14N) The farther an object is from the center of gravity, the less it weighs

39. Copy down these Earth Facts: Radius – avg. about 8,000 miles Circumference equator is 24,901.55 miles poles is 24,859.82 miles Mass – 5,973,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Density – 5.5 g/cm3– Period of rotation-23 hours 56 min Equatorial rotation velocity1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s) Axial tilt23.5° Period of Revolution – 365 days 6 hrs 9 min– Average orbital speed 107,200 km/s107,200 km/s