1. APESReview Chapters 3-4

2. Producer, 1° Consumer, 2° Consumer, 3º Consumer, Decomposer?  Alfalfa in a meadow  Fungi secreting enzymes in fallen tree  Coyote capturing herbivorous mouse  Alfalfa in a meadow  Fungi secreting enzymes in fallen tree  Coyote capturing herbivorous mouse

3. Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Water  Which 2 cycles are most associated with inorganic fertilizer and sewage waste?  In which 2 are humans affecting the natural greenhouse effect?  Which 2 are directly related to acid deposition?  Which 2 cycles are most associated with inorganic fertilizer and sewage waste?  In which 2 are humans affecting the natural greenhouse effect?  Which 2 are directly related to acid deposition?

4. All species interacting with one another and their nonliving environment?  Habitat  Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biosphere  Habitat  Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biosphere

5. Which is NOT an organism?  Monarch butterfly  Trapdoor spider  Nucleus of a cell  American elm  Orchid  Monarch butterfly  Trapdoor spider  Nucleus of a cell  American elm  Orchid

6. Which is the least inclusive group?  Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biosphere  Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biosphere

7. Life on Earth depends on 3 interconnected factors. Name them.

8. Most of the solar energy that passes through the atmosphere  Is degraded into longer wavelength infrared radiation  Is converted to gamma radiation  Is deflected off hard surfaces  Is absorbed by the ozone  Is absorbed by organisms  Is degraded into longer wavelength infrared radiation  Is converted to gamma radiation  Is deflected off hard surfaces  Is absorbed by the ozone  Is absorbed by organisms

9. Which is NOT true of the Greenhouse Effect?  It is vital to continued life on Earth asw e know it  It helps warm the troposphere  It is caused by the interaction of gaseous molecules that are excited by IR  It can be affected by the concentrations of the atmospheric gases.  It is vital to continued life on Earth asw e know it  It helps warm the troposphere  It is caused by the interaction of gaseous molecules that are excited by IR  It can be affected by the concentrations of the atmospheric gases.

10. Which of the following is a limiting factor for a grassland biome?  Number of species  Species of the grass  Size of the population  Number of organisms  Amount of precipitation  Number of species  Species of the grass  Size of the population  Number of organisms  Amount of precipitation

11. The % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to another is  Energy flow  Gross primary productivity  Ecological efficiency  Biological diversity  Range of tolerance  Energy flow  Gross primary productivity  Ecological efficiency  Biological diversity  Range of tolerance

12. Deforestation in the tropical rainforest biome reduces transpiration and therefore changes local climate by affecting the  Nitrogen cycle  Water cycle  Phosphorus cycle  Sulfur cycle  Carbon cycle  Nitrogen cycle  Water cycle  Phosphorus cycle  Sulfur cycle  Carbon cycle

13. Pyramid energy flow has only a 10% efficiency, while 90% of the energy is lost as heat. This is explained by the  Law of limiting factors  Law of conservation of matter  First Law of Thermodynamics  Greenhouse effect  Second Law of Thermodynamics  Law of limiting factors  Law of conservation of matter  First Law of Thermodynamics  Greenhouse effect  Second Law of Thermodynamics

14. Name the 5 processes involved in the N 2 Cycle.  Nitrogen Fixation (lightning, industry, bacteria- N 2 to NH 3 /NH 4 for uptake by plants)  Ammonification (bacteria change waste into NH 3 )  Nitrification (NH 3 to NO 2, NO 3 --used by plants)  Assimilation (plants make proteins)  Denitrification (bacteria decay NH 3 /NH 4 into NO 2 /NO 3 into N 2 --occurs in water ocean, lakes, bogs)  Nitrogen Fixation (lightning, industry, bacteria- N 2 to NH 3 /NH 4 for uptake by plants)  Ammonification (bacteria change waste into NH 3 )  Nitrification (NH 3 to NO 2, NO 3 --used by plants)  Assimilation (plants make proteins)  Denitrification (bacteria decay NH 3 /NH 4 into NO 2 /NO 3 into N 2 --occurs in water ocean, lakes, bogs)

15. Which of the following statements about the C cycle is true?  CO 2 gas makes up 36% of troposphere.  H 2 and N 2 cycle almost in step with C.  CO 2 may react with seawater to from CO and CH 4  CO 2 may form carbonate ions upon reacting with seawater ( after dissolving in water)  CO 2 gas shows increased solubility in water when temperature increases  CO 2 gas makes up 36% of troposphere.  H 2 and N 2 cycle almost in step with C.  CO 2 may react with seawater to from CO and CH 4  CO 2 may form carbonate ions upon reacting with seawater ( after dissolving in water)  CO 2 gas shows increased solubility in water when temperature increases

16. Which of the following has the least direct effect on terrestrial ecosystems?  Temperature  Dissolved oxygen  Precipitation  Nature of the soil  Amount of plant nutrients in the soil  Temperature  Dissolved oxygen  Precipitation  Nature of the soil  Amount of plant nutrients in the soil

17. What are the 2 major ways humans have impacted the C cycle?  Deforestation (How does this impact?)  Burning fossil fuels (How does this impact?)  What effect is this having on the climate?  Deforestation (How does this impact?)  Burning fossil fuels (How does this impact?)  What effect is this having on the climate?

18. Which ecological pyramid can’t be inverted?  Numbers pyramid -  Biomass pyramid -  Energy pyramid -.  Numbers pyramid -  Biomass pyramid -  Energy pyramid -.

19. Net Primary Productivity A. is rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis B. is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration C. is rate of photosynthesis plus rate of respiration D. can be thought of as basic food source for decomposers in an ecosystem E. is rate of plant biomass production through photosynthesis minus energy used for plant respiration A. is rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis B. is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration C. is rate of photosynthesis plus rate of respiration D. can be thought of as basic food source for decomposers in an ecosystem E. is rate of plant biomass production through photosynthesis minus energy used for plant respiration

20. Which is true? 1, 2, or all 3?  Longer food chains have greater net primary productivity than shorter ones  Shorter food chains support a much smaller number of organisms than longer ones  Longer food chains experience a greater loss of usable energy than do shorter food chains  Longer food chains have greater net primary productivity than shorter ones  Shorter food chains support a much smaller number of organisms than longer ones  Longer food chains experience a greater loss of usable energy than do shorter food chains

21. Which are necessary for evolution of a population by natural selection?  Trait must be heritable (must have genetic basis)  Must be variability for trait in the population  Must be equivalent reproductive success with all individuals of population.  Trait must be heritable (must have genetic basis)  Must be variability for trait in the population  Must be equivalent reproductive success with all individuals of population.

22. Why is protecting keystone species a key goal of many conservation biologists?  They are economically beneficial  They are critical to human survival  They play critical ecological roles in the community  They are endangered species  They are exciting to study  They are economically beneficial  They are critical to human survival  They play critical ecological roles in the community  They are endangered species  They are exciting to study

23. Biodiversity is measured by using  Genetic diversity  Species diversity  Ecosystem diversity  Functional diversity  1, 2, 3, or all 4?  Genetic diversity  Species diversity  Ecosystem diversity  Functional diversity  1, 2, 3, or all 4?

24. Natural selection occurs when individuals of a population have various adaptations which lead to  Differential reproduction  Survival of the strongest  Mutations  Background extinction  Geographic isolation  Differential reproduction  Survival of the strongest  Mutations  Background extinction  Geographic isolation

25. Broad niches are characteristic of  Generalist species  Extinct species  Natural species  Competitive species  Specialist species  Generalist species  Extinct species  Natural species  Competitive species  Specialist species

26. Speciation can occur through  Geographic isolation  Background extinction  Reproductive isolation 1, 2, or all 3?  Geographic isolation  Background extinction  Reproductive isolation 1, 2, or all 3?

27. An example of current evolution by natural selection is  Skeletal remains in fossil records  Genetic resistance of some strains of bacteria to antibiotics  Human opposable thumbs  Plate tectonics  Climate change  Skeletal remains in fossil records  Genetic resistance of some strains of bacteria to antibiotics  Human opposable thumbs  Plate tectonics  Climate change

28. The current scientific estimation of how long life has been on Earth is  4.5 million years  600 million years  3.7 billion years  500 billion years  7 trillion years  4.5 million years  600 million years  3.7 billion years  500 billion years  7 trillion years

29. Species can become extinct by which of the following mechanisms?  Background extinction  Artificial selection  Mass depletion 1, 2, or all 3?  Background extinction  Artificial selection  Mass depletion 1, 2, or all 3?

30. A species ecological niche is  Where it lives  Its pattern and role in the ecosystem  Its place on the trophic pyramid  Its genetic resistance  a measure of evenness  Where it lives  Its pattern and role in the ecosystem  Its place on the trophic pyramid  Its genetic resistance  a measure of evenness

31. Some specialist species provide early signs that ecosystems are changed or damaged  Foundation species  Indicator species  Keystone species  Non-native species  Endemic species (native to one area only)  Foundation species  Indicator species  Keystone species  Non-native species  Endemic species (native to one area only)

32. According to the theory of island biogeography, what features most affect the equilibrium of immigration and extinction?  Island size and distance from the mainland  Island size and climate  Ocean currents and distance from the mainland  Island size and mutation rate  Island size and distance from the mainland  Island size and climate  Ocean currents and distance from the mainland  Island size and mutation rate

33. Species Diversity  Is a combination of species richness and evenness  Is a combination of genetic diversity and biodiversity  Is the ability of a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions  Is a measure of breadth of a niche  Is a combination of species richness and evenness  Is a combination of genetic diversity and biodiversity  Is the ability of a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions  Is a measure of breadth of a niche

34. Species richness is  The abundance of individuals with a species  The number of different species within a community  The amount of food types a species consumes  The diversity of species within a community  The abundance of individuals with a species  The number of different species within a community  The amount of food types a species consumes  The diversity of species within a community

35. Which has the highest number of species?  Tropical rainforest  Short-grass prairie  Savannah  Boreal forest  Temperate forest  Tropical rainforest  Short-grass prairie  Savannah  Boreal forest  Temperate forest

36. Native, Invasive, Foundation, Keystone or Indicator Species?  Trout require clean water with high DO so their presence tells us that these conditions are present in the stream. Trout are _____  Zebra mussels move from one water system to the other on boat hulls. They then take over niches from local species and change ecosystems. Zebra mussels are ______  American alligators dig depressions which act as sparse watering holes during the dry season of the Everglades. They are _____  Trout require clean water with high DO so their presence tells us that these conditions are present in the stream. Trout are _____  Zebra mussels move from one water system to the other on boat hulls. They then take over niches from local species and change ecosystems. Zebra mussels are ______  American alligators dig depressions which act as sparse watering holes during the dry season of the Everglades. They are _____