1. Coherence MENU EXIT How could this paragraph be revised to read more smoothly? The year 1968 was a year of crisis. The Vietnam war escalated dramatically. There were many more civilian and military deaths. Antiwar protestors mobilized and conflicts with the police sometimes became violent. Over 50,000 antiwar protesters marched on the Pentagon, and on college campuses, antiwar protesters often clashed with police. 1968 brought the assassinations of two powerful leaders— Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy. Click to see a revision

2. EXIT PREVIOUS Coherence This paragraph now reads smoothly because it uses transitions, pronouns, and synonyms to establish coherence. The year1968 was a year of crisis. In Vietnam, the war escalated dramatically and resulted in many more civilian and military deaths. At home, antiwar protestors mobilized and conflicts with the police sometimes became violent. Over 50,000 peace activists marched on the Pentagon, and on college campuses, they often clashed with police. Perhaps worst of all, 1968 brought the assassinations of two powerful leaders—Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy. Next MENU

3. EXIT PREVIOUS Coherence Continue… MENU An essay or paragraph is coherent when the parts fit together logically and the ideas are connected.

4. Coherence EXIT Next PREVIOUS MENU using transitional words and phrases repeating similar words throughout Coherence can be achieved by An essay or paragraph is coherent when the parts fit together logically and the ideas are connected.

5. EXIT Coherence MENU The following techniques can be used to create coherence. Click on the technique you want to explore. MENU Effective Transitions Pronouns Synonyms Repetition Rephrasing Consistent Word Choice

6. EXIT Effective Transitions Coherence Transitional words and phrases such as these can make the relationship between ideas clear. SequenceCause/EffectComparison/ Contrast Degree of Importance first third last because consequently since however unlike yet most important worst main i Next MENU

7. EXIT Effective Transitions Coherence Transitional words and phrases such as these can make the relationship between ideas clear. SequenceCause/EffectComparison/ Contrast Degree of Importance first third last because consequently since however unlike yet most important worst main i MENU i See the Transitions lessons for a more detailed explanation of transitions. CLOSE

8. EXIT Click to see a revision Coherence PREVIOUS MENU Effective Transitions Many people think downhill skiing and cross-country skiing are similar. They require specialized ski gear, athletic fitness, and endurance. They require different skills. A downhill skier travels at high speed down steep slopes and must react quickly to sudden turns and obstacles. The skier works with gravity. The cross-country skier travels over fairly level trails at a relatively slow speed. The skier works against gravity. How might transitions help to connect the ideas in this paragraph?

9. EXIT Coherence PREVIOUS MENU Effective Transitions Many people think downhill skiing and cross-country skiing are similar. However, although both require specialized ski gear, athletic fitness, and endurance, each requires different skills. For example, a downhill skier travels at high speed down steep slopes and must react quickly to sudden turns and obstacles. The skier works with gravity. In contrast, the cross- country skier travels over fairly level trails at a relatively slow speed. The skier works against gravity. The transitions help to connect the ideas in this paragraph. They tie the paragraph together by showing how the two kinds of skiing are alike and different. Menu

10. EXIT Continue… Coherence MENU Pronouns Pronouns can keep ideas connected and the writing concise.

11. EXIT PREVIOUS Coherence MENU Pronouns The huge bull elephant stepped forward, shaking its mammoth trunk and tusks violently, threateningly. The chain rattled, and then it broke. The other elephants hung back. They seemed to be waiting to see what would happen. Unlike the bull, these were usually docile animals, but they were nervous now, and dangerous. Where are the pronouns in this paragraph? Click to see the pronouns Pronouns can keep ideas connected and the writing concise.

12. EXIT PREVIOUS Coherence MENU Pronouns What ideas do these pronouns connect to? Pronouns can keep ideas connected and the writing concise. Click to see the connected ideas The huge bull elephant stepped forward, shaking its mammoth trunk and tusks violently, threateningly. The chain rattled, and then it broke. The other elephants hung back. They seemed to be waiting to see what would happen. Unlike the bull, these were usually docile animals, but they were nervous now, and dangerous.

13. EXIT PREVIOUS Coherence MENU Pronouns The huge bull elephant stepped forward, shaking its mammoth trunk and tusks violently, threateningly. The chain rattled, and then it broke. The other elephants hung back. They seemed to be waiting to see what would happen. Unlike the bull, these were usually docile animals, but they were nervous now, and dangerous. What ideas do these pronouns connect to? Pronouns can keep ideas connected and the writing concise. Menu

14. EXIT Continue… Coherence MENU Synonyms Using a series of synonyms or closely related words helps hold ideas together.

15. EXIT Coherence PREVIOUS MENU Click to see the related words Synonyms They met with no more adventures that night, moving quietly along the edges of the fields under the dim light of a quarter moon. The half-darkness was full of sounds and movement. Once Acorn put up a plover, which flew around them, calling shrilly, until at length they crossed a bank and left it behind. Soon after, somewhere near them, they heard the unceasing bubbling of a nightjar—a peaceful sound, without menace, which died gradually away as they pushed on. —Richard Adams, Watership Down Look for synonyms and near synonyms in the following paragraph.

16. EXIT Coherence PREVIOUS MENU Synonyms They met with no more adventures that night, moving quietly along the edges of the fields under the dim light of a quarter moon. The half-darkness was full of sounds and movement. Once Acorn put up a plover, which flew around them, calling shrilly, until at length they crossed a bank and left it behind. Soon after, somewhere near them, they heard the unceasing bubbling of a nightjar—a peaceful sound, without menace, which died gradually away as they pushed on. —Richard Adams, Watership Down Look for synonyms and near synonyms in the following paragraph. Menu

17. EXIT Continue… Coherence MENU Repetition Repeating a word or phrase throughout a piece of writing is a strategy for achieving coherence. This technique helps a writer emphasize a point and establish a rhythm.

18. EXIT Coherence MENU Repetition God made the grass, the air and the rain; and the grass, the air and the rain made the Irish; and the Irish turned the grass, the air and the rain back into God. —Sean O’Faolain, “Ireland” PREVIOUS Click to see the repetition Repeating a word or phrase throughout a piece of writing is a strategy for achieving coherence. This technique helps a writer emphasize a point and establish a rhythm.

19. EXIT Coherence MENU Repetition Menu PREVIOUS Repeating a word or phrase throughout a piece of writing is a strategy for achieving coherence. This technique helps a writer emphasize a point and establish a rhythm. God made the grass, the air and the rain; and the grass, the air and the rain made the Irish; and the Irish turned the grass, the air and the rain back into God. —Sean O’Faolain, “Ireland”

20. EXIT Continue… Coherence MENU Rephrasing Coherence between paragraphs can be achieved by taking a phrase that occurred near the end of one paragraph and rephrasing it near the beginning of the following paragraph.

21. EXIT What is the rephrased idea in the second paragraph?... Harry knew it must be that dark and unknown beast who haunted the forest, and whom he had unwittingly disturbed in its lair two weeks ago. Now it followed him. As Harry sped up, this creature out of his wildest nightmares kept pace with him. Coherence PREVIOUS MENU Rephrasing Click to see the rephrased idea Coherence between paragraphs can be achieved by taking a phrase that occurred near the end of one paragraph and rephrasing it near the beginning of the following paragraph.

22. EXIT Coherence PREVIOUS MENU Rephrasing Coherence between paragraphs can be achieved by taking a phrase that occurred near the end of one paragraph and rephrasing it near the beginning of the following paragraph. What is the rephrased idea in the second paragraph?... Harry knew it must be that dark and unknown beast who haunted the forest, and whom he had unwittingly disturbed in its lair two weeks ago. Now it followed him. As Harry sped up, this creature out of his wildest nightmares kept pace with him.

23. EXIT Coherence PREVIOUS MENU Rephrasing beast=creature Menu Coherence between paragraphs can be achieved by taking a phrase that occurred near the end of one paragraph and rephrasing it near the beginning of the following paragraph. What is the rephrased idea in the second paragraph?... Harry knew it must be that dark and unknown beast who haunted the forest, and whom he had unwittingly disturbed in its lair two weeks ago. Now it followed him. As Harry sped up, this creature out of his wildest nightmares kept pace with him. i

24. EXIT Coherence PREVIOUS MENU Rephrasing Coherence between paragraphs can be achieved by taking a phrase that occurred near the end of one paragraph and rephrasing it near the beginning of the following paragraph. bea What is the rephrased idea in the second paragraph?... Harry knew it must be that dark and unknown beast who haunted the forest, and whom he had unwittingly disturbed in its lair two weeks ago. Now it followed him. As Harry sped up, this creature out of his wildest nightmares kept pace with him. =creature i CLOSE This rephrasing helps the writer connect the ideas by offering another way to envision the beast.

25. EXIT Continue… Coherence MENU Consistent Word Choice Coherence can be achieved by choosing words that help create a single mood or tone throughout the writing.

26. EXIT Coherence MENU Consistent Word Choice In this paragraph, which words help create a coherent mood? The figure was tall and gaunt, and shrouded from head to foot in the habiliments of the grave. The mask which concealed the visage was made so nearly to resemble the countenance of a stiffened corpse that the closest scrutiny must have difficulty in detecting the cheat.... His vesture was dabbed in blood.... —Edgar Allan Poe, “The Masque of the Red Death” PREVIOUS Click to see the words Coherence can be achieved by choosing words that help create a single mood or tone throughout the writing.

27. EXIT Coherence MENU Consistent Word Choice Notice how these words all reinforce a somber, ominous mood. The figure was tall and gaunt, and shrouded from head to foot in the habiliments of the grave. The mask which concealed the visage was made so nearly to resemble the countenance of a stiffened corpse that the closest scrutiny must have difficulty in detecting the cheat.... His vesture was dabbed in blood.... —Edgar Allan Poe, “The Masque of the Red Death” Menu PREVIOUS Coherence can be achieved by choosing words that help create a single mood or tone throughout the writing.