1. Generators and Motors

2. Lightning Review Last lecture: 1.Induced voltages and induction Induced EMF Induced EMF Faraday’s law Faraday’s law Motional EMF Motional EMF Review Problem: Two very long, fixed wires cross each other perpendicularly. They do not touch but are close to each other, as shown. Equal currents flow in the wires, in the directions shown. Indicate the locus of points where the net magnetic field is zero.

3. Generators Generators  A generator is something that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.  Generators and motors are two of the most important applications of induced emf (magnetic inductance).  Alternating Current (AC) generator  Direct Current (DC) generator  A motor does the opposite, it converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

4. AC Generators  Basic operation of the generator –As the loop rotates, the magnetic flux through it changes with time –This induces an emf and a current in the external circuit –The ends of the loop are connected to slip rings that rotate with the loop –Connections to the external circuit are made by stationary brushed in contact with the slip rings

5. AC generator  Compute EMF –It is only generated in BC and DA wires –EMF generated in BC and DA would be –Thus, total EMF is –If the loop is rotating with  B v v sin  A A B C D as v=r  =a  /2

6. AC generator (cont)  Generalize the result to N loops where we also noticed that A=la  Note: is reached when  t=90˚ or 270˚ (loop parallel to the magnetic field) EMF generated by the AC generator

7. AC generator  Compute EMF –It is only generated in BC and DA wires –EMF generated in BC and DA would be –Thus, total EMF is –If the loop is rotating with  B v v sin  A A B C D as v=r  =a  /2

8. DC generator  By a clever change to the rings and brushes of the ac generator, we can create a dc generator, that is, a generator where the polarity of the emf is always positive.  The basic idea is to use a single split ring instead of two complete rings. The split ring is arranged so that, just as the emf is about to change sign from positive to negative, the brushes cross the gap, and the polarity of the contacts is switched.  The polarity of the contacts changes in phase with the polarity of the emf -- the two changes essentially cancel each other out, and the emf remains always positive.  The emf still varies sinusoidally during each half cycle, but every half cycle is a positive emf.

9. Motors  A motor is basically a generator running in reverse. A current is passed through the coil, producing a torque and causing the coil to rotate in the magnetic field. Once turning, the coil of the motor generates a back emf, just as does the coil of a generator. The back emf cancels some of the applied emf, and limits the current through the coil.

10. Motors and Back emf  The phrase back emf is used for an emf that tends to reduce the applied current  When a motor is turned on, there is no back emf initially  The current is very large because it is limited only by the resistance of the coil

11. Example: coil in magnetic field A coil of area 0.10 m² is rotating at 60 rev/s with its axis of rotation perpendicular to a 0.20T magnetic field. (a) If there are 1000 turns on the coil, what is the maximum voltage induced in the coil? (b) When the maximum induced voltage occurs, what is the orientation of the coil with respect to the magnetic field?

12. Eddy currents (application)  Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains –Induced surface (“eddy”) currents produce field in opposite direction –Maglev trains today can travel up to 310 mph  Twice the speed of Amtrak’s fastest conventional train! –May eventually use superconducting loops to produce B-field  No power dissipation in resistance of wires! N S rails “eddy” current

13. Self-inductance Self-inductance   When a current flows through a loop, the magnetic field created by that current has a magnetic flux through the area of the loop.   If the current changes, the magnetic field changes, and so the flux changes giving rise to an induced emf. This phenomenon is called self-induction because it si the loop's own current, and not an external one, that gives rise to the induced emf.   Faraday’s law states

14.  The magnetic flux is proportional to the magnetic field, which is proportional to the current in the circuit  Thus, the self-induced EMF must be proportional to the time rate of change of the current where L is called the inductance of the device  Units: SI: henry (H)  If flux is initially zero,

15. Example: solenoid A solenoid of radius 2.5cm has 400 turns and a length of 20 cm. Find (a) its inductance and (b) the rate at which current must change through it to produce an emf of 75mV.