1. WAS THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE A CONSERVATIVE WAR FOR ENGLISH RIGHTS 1775-1783 The War for American Independence Begins!

2. Conserving English Rights The war between the colonies and English government is more of a struggle for the conservation of rights as Englishmen and for the right of self-government. The Stamp Act being enforced without the consent of the colonists is an act considered by colonists as a breach of their rights as Englishmen. (no direct representation in Parliament) The Stamp Act Congress  1765 in New York  Protest against taxation on grounds that it violated their ancient chartered rights (Magna Carta) as Englishmen  Colonial leaders contended that the colonies could only be taxed by their own colonial legislatures  Patrick Henry, of Virginia, creates the “Virginia Resolves” saying that Virginians can only be taxed by the General Assembly (House of Burgesses) of Virginia. The American War for Independence was fought not only against taxation but mainly to preserve self-government and their rights as Englishmen.

3. Challenging the Minute-Men April 19, 1775 Lexington and then Concord (Massachusetts) General Gage and British ordered to seize Boston Militia’s supplies in Concord and arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock. Goes through Lexington first and meets resistance from Minute-men. The British continue on to Concord and are forced to retreat to Boston when they meet 400 Minute-men. This signaled the beginning of the Revolution. “Shot heard ‘round the world” The Second Continental Congress meets as a result of this battle.

4. Battle of Lexington and Concord

5. Second Continental Congress May, 1775 Continental Army established and organized George Washington voted to lead as General Many delegates still did not want to declare independence yet. Drafted the Olive Branch Petition pledging their allegiance to the King looking for one last effort at a peaceful compromise. King George III refused to acknowledge the colonies’ efforts at peace and declares them officially in rebellion. He declares all members of the Continental Congress have committed treason and will be hanged. “We will all hang together or we shall all hang separately”. –Ben Franklin

6. Continental Army British Army Home field advantage Great leadership Passionate cause  FREEDOM! French alliance  Navy, money, troops Time  Just ride it out long enough. Do not have to win outright. Great Britain fighting on many fronts….not just in the North American colonies. Well-trained, supplied professional army. NAVY! Wealth Strong government organization already established Sizing Up the Competition

7. Battle of Bunker Hill June 16, 1775 Boston, Massachusetts British reinforcements attack a militia fort at the top of Breed’s Hill. The colonists fought off to attacks but ran out of ammo. The Boston militia was forced to retreat but not before taking 1,000 British casualties. “Don’t fire till you see the whites of their eyes!”

8. Battle of Bunker Hill

9. Declaring Independence In the wake of the Battles at Lexington and Bunker Hill; and the ignoring of the Congress’ Olive Branch Petition reconciliation between the colonies and Great Britain was impossible. The Congress met again and voted on whether to declare independence. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson in June of 1776. The motion in the Congress passed to declare independence on July 2 and the official document was first read to Americans and the world on July 4, 1776. This has come to be known as our Independence Day.

10. Declaration of Independence

11. Crossing the Delaware: The Battle of Trenton December 25, 1776 Trenton, New Jersey General Washington and the Continental Army cross the Delaware River in the middle of the night and surprise the Hessians (hired German soldiers) in their sleep after their Christmas celebration. Desperate for a victory this gave the Americans the boost in confidence that they needed to keep fighting. This also boosted their allegiance to General Washington.

12. Battle of Trenton

13. Camping at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Freezing, starving, no supplies, enlistments ending, desertions, no hope, disease. The Revolution was almost lost here in January-March 1777. Enter: Baron Friedrich von Steuben Washington knows a professional army is necessary. George Washington and von Steuben kept the men together and began to drill the men with discipline and military training. Rumors of the French coming to the aid of the Americans also lifted their spirits.

14. Valley Forge

15. The Turning Point: Battle of Saratoga October 17, 1777 Saratoga, New York The British leave Quebec to take New York by sea. They are met and surrounded by the Americans when they arrive. The Americans take over 5,000 British soldiers as prisoners. This victory convinced the French to fully aid the Americans to knock out the British. Ben Franklin is sent to France to negotiate the treaty of alliance with the French. Now the Americans have a Navy, money, and more soldiers! Colonists dislike France but need the help.

16. Battle of Cowpens Nathaniel Greene was commander in the Carolinas and Georgia  Only a little over 1,000 Continentals and bands of ill-disciplined militia against Cornwallis’ 10,000 men Had to create circumstances to achieve success Greene’s strategy lured Cornwallis away from his bases of supply Morgan recognized his militia was ill-disciplined  Deployed militia in two lines, 300 and 150 yards in front of his Continentals  He asked each militia line to fire twice before retreating behind the Continentals  A small force of 125 cavalry was posted in the rear to cover the exposed flanks

17. Cowpens Americans executed as planned  Militia in the first lines two effective volleys into the infantry before retreating behind the Continentals  British rushed after the retreating militia and became disordered  Continentals fired repeated volleys into the British  British disintegrated against American counterattack Americans suffered 6.2% losses (12 killed and 60 wounded) British suffered 90% losses Cornwallis became obsessed with Morgan and turned to pursue him  Morgan retreated into Virginia (flexibility)  In a month Cornwallis had marched 225 miles without achieving decisive battle

18. Cowpens to Yorktown

19. Battle of Saratoga

20. The Final Battle: Battle of Yorktown September, 1781 Yorktown, Virginia The British move to the Chesapeake Bay to wait for supplies to arrive. Washington and French General Rochambeau corner Brits. on land and the French Navy led by General DeGrasse by sea. French navy shows up for the first time. The British are completely surrounded. They are forced to officially surrender.

21. Battle of Yorktown (French Navy)

22. Battle of Yorktown

23. Treaty of Paris September, 1783 John Adams, Ben Franklin, and John Jay negotiate the treaty with the British Great Britain recognizes American Independence The Mississippi River is established as our western border. Florida goes back to Spain. The last British troops leave New York on November 24, 1783. Agreed to treat Loyalists still in America with respect.

24. Independence and New Borders