1. The Birth of Modern Industrial Society in Europe 1815-1850

2. Introduction   Industrial Revolution: the social and economic changes happening during a country’s transition from an agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society using factories and relying on complex machinery rather than hand tools.

3. Effects  Changed the face of nations, giving rise to urban centers and presenting new needs for the people.  Urban worker more dependent on the will dependent on the will of the employer than of the employer than the rural worker had the rural worker had been. been.

4. LESSON FOCUS: ENGLAND ENGLAND  WHY? THEY WERE FIRST! Had lots of Coal 煤炭 Iron 铁矿 Waterways 渠

5. The above pictures shows an inventor and in the background are inventions that were created during the Industrial Revolution. What are some of the inventions?

6.  What were some of the inventions?? PLAY VIDEO

7. Economic Changes  production moved from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to factories.  The overall amount of goods and services produced expanded dramatically.  New groups of investors, businesspeople, and managers risked their money and many were rewarded

8. Consumer Demand  More consumers had sufficient income to afford exotic goods, such as cotton cloth and china  These were the rising “middle class”  Production of goods in greater quantity at a cheaper price = more consumers and higher profit …CAPITALISM!!

9. Multiplier Effect  The cycle of consumer demand - investment and innovations that drove the Industrial Revolution  Process: increased consumer demand prompts entrepreneurs to invest in machines to speed up production, and thereby increase sales and profit.  Faster production in one area of manufacturing area of manufacturing prompts investment in prompts investment in another area. another area.

10.  Example: Faster methods of spinning cotton requires faster methods of weaving cloth  Profit from increased production used to invest in further innovations and inventions  Multiplier effect caused Industrial Revolution to continuously generate new technology

11. Social Changes   Increase in population and urbanization, as well as new social classes.   Poor living conditions in urban centres   The factory owners' often thought of labourers as commodities and not as a group of human beings.   Machines did the work people used to. Therefore, work changed from specialized skill to repetitive operation. =CHEAP LABOUR

12.  Created a new working class – The Industrial Worker  Low wages  Long hours (As much as 16 (As much as 16 hours a day!) hours a day!)  Working conditions unpleasant and dangerous unpleasant and dangerous

13.  Women and children had the most exploitative working conditions and the lowest rates of pay. “two children working in the mines. They were small enough to fit into narrow spaces.” “two children working in the mines. They were small enough to fit into narrow spaces.”

14. Conditions of City Life  People flooded into cities from the countryside in hopes of finding jobs. Cities were not prepared.  Exclusive neighborhoods were built for wealthy bourgeoisie, while the working poor were forced to live in dirty, crowded slums.

15. Political Changes Liberalism  Emphasized importance of individual happiness (individualism)  Role of government is to protect the freedom and rights of the individual  Generally reflected views of middle class Conservatism  Believed in value of traditional life  Government necessary to control society and preserve general order  Reflected views of landed upper class

16. Laissez Faire: No Government Intervention   Government should not interfere with businesses (taxation, labour laws etc.)   Argued that Laissez faire would improve economic growth of individuals

17. Utilitarianism: Government Intervention and Regulation Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) -believed that it was best to free individuals to pursue their own self-interest But…if real conflicts arose, the government would intervene and create an artificial measure of social utility (laws ).

18. Some examples are…..

19. Social Legislation  New Poor Law drafted in 1834 – In order to receive poor relief, an individual had to In order to receive poor relief, an individual had to enter a workhouse enter a workhouse  Protesters saw workhouse as prisons and named them “Bastilles”  About 5 percent of the population was dependent on the New Poor Law

20.   The Factory Act of 1833 – prohibited the employment of children under age 9 and placed limits on working hours of those between the ages of 9 and 18   Factory Act of 1847 – limited children to 10 hour day. This limit became the standard working day for adults in textile mills.   The Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited the employment of women and of children under 10 years of age in underground mines.   Why?

21.   The social legislation redefine the government’s role in social policy.   It established new ways of investigating social problems

22. How has the social legislation influenced the present?