1. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Paul M. Grant

2. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Mega-Cities

3. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology The “Trilemma” Economic Growth Energy Consumption Conservative & Environment “…to save the earth and assure the survival of humanity.”

4. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Energy Civilization Year (Modern Era) Relative Units Nuclear

5. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Economic Growth & Energy Consumption

6. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Global Energy Consumption Source: International Energy Outlook: 1998 US Energy Information Agency

7. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Elements of the Trilemma Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse…Albrecht Duerer

8. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology North American Grid

9. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology US Energy Flow - 1995

10. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Electricity & Energy Conservation 2010

11. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology US Electricity Flow: 1994 1 Quad = 0.29 TkWh 0.28 TkWh 0.15 TkWh 3.24 TkWh

12. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Electricity Paradigm and Superconductivity Generation/Storage –Generators, SMES, Flywheels Transmission/Distribution –Cables, Transformers, FCLs Delivery/End Use –Motors, Electromagnets

13. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Electricity- Transportation Analogy ElectricityTransportation · Fuel · Generation · Natural Resources · Manufacturing/Agriculture · Transmission Electrons · Distribution · Interstate Highways Trucks · Regional Freeways · End Uses · Lighting · Rotating Machinery · Appliances · Retail Sales · Home Depot · Sears · Safeway

14. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology U.S. Electricity Production/Loss Summary TkWh% in T&D Loss and In-Plant Use Revenue @ $0.10/kWh (B$) No. of 500 MW Plant Equivalents Capital Cost @ $800/kW (B$) Total3.24324740296 T&D Losses 0.288%286325 In-Plant Used 0.155%153514

15. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Superconductivity and Efficiency 19942014 @ 2%/yr 2014 Plants Saved 0.2% Penetration 4× Efficiency Total740360 T&D Losses633111 In-House Use35176

16. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology North American CH 4 There’s Lots of It 3D Seismic Imaging Plus Directional Drilling 50 Years at ‘97 Prices!

17. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Gas or Electricity? Pipes or Wires?

18. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Distributed Generation

19. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology MicroTurbines

20. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology MicroTurbines

21. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Distributed Generation: US &Europe Use widespread NG pipeline network Generation plants sited locally –Community of 60,000:50-100 MW –Subdivision of 1-2000: 3-5 MW –Single Family Dwelling: 20-30 kW (100,000 btu/hr) Some level of storage required “Loosely” connected to grid

22. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Renewables

23. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology “Fuel-Head” and/or Nuclear Generation

24. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Power by HTSC: Southeast Asia

25. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology 1967 SC Cable ! 100 GW dc, 1000 km !

26. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology The Superconducting Electricity Pipe! Total Cryo System Power: 5 GW dc Cost: 500 Miles

27. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Operating Parameters Capacity50 kA, ±50 kV; %GMW Length1610 km Temperature Rise, 1 K every 10 km, 65 K, 1 W/m heat input 21,600 liters LN 2 /hr, 100 kW coolers, 120 gal/min Vacuum 10 -5 -10 -4 torr10 stations/10 km need 200 kW

28. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Gas/HVDC Comparison

29. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Adaptation Over 10,000 feared dead and missing in Nicaragua and Honduras from Hurricane Mitch. Many more without shelter.

30. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology November 10, 1998 THE FIRST BIG SNOWSTORM of the season swept across the northern Plains on Tuesday, shutting down a major highway and sending hundreds of cars skidding into ditches. It also spun off thunderstorms that flattened houses in a Missouri university town. One person was killed in a car crash in Minnesota, where up to a foot of snow and 40 mph wind were expected by Tuesday night. The storm dumped up to 2 feet of snow in the Colorado Rockies, knocking out power to 10,000 people around Durango, Colo.

31. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology The Standard Model

32. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology Low Field VHLC Prototype

33. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology 3 TeV VHLC Booster Siting ~ 150 m

34. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology

35. P. M. Grant 17 November 1998 The Energy-Environment Problem and Superconductivity Technology The Future 700 K ! May, 2028