1. Modern Philosophy
Part Three

2. Historical Background The Enlightenment
Introduction
The Age of Enlightenment
Philosophy & Science
Four Pillars of the Enlightenment
Nature
Reason
Education & Experience
Progress

3. Newton Background Background Science Newton Hero
The end of Aristotelian science
Empirical
Rejection of speculative theory

4. Newton Impact Newtonian Model for Philosophy
Philosophers Influenced by Newton
Julien La Metrie
Influence on Epistemology & Philosophy of Mind
Newtonian Science & Religion
Reaction
Newton & Religion
God in the Gaps

5. The Rise of Disbelief Theism Reduced Theism Deism The Skeptics
Naturalistic Atheism

6. The French The Philosophes Philosophes Social Criticism Influences
Encyclopedie

7. John Locke Background Background Locke’s Project Methodology
Early years & education
Public life
Revolution
Works
The End
Locke’s Project
Age of enlightenment
Motivation & task
Methodology
Ideas
Historically plain method

8. John Locke Empirical Epistemology
Critique of Innate Ideas
Goals
Innate Ideas
Universal Agreement
Universal Knowledge
Moral Principles

9. John Locke Empirical Epistemology
Theory of Simple Ideas
Origin of Knowledge
Newtonian Influence
Simple Ideas
Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Sensation
Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Reflection
Only two sources of ideas.

10. John Locke Empirical Epistemology
Theory of Complex Ideas
Origin of Complex Ideas
Classification of Complex Ideas
Compounding
Abstracting & Abstract Ideas
Primary & Secondary Qualities
Qualities
Primary Qualities
Secondary Qualities
Powers
Locke’s general reasoning for the distinction

11. John Locke Empirical Epistemology
Representative Realism & Judgment
Representative Realism
Judgment
The Mohneaux Problem
Degrees of Knowledge
Knowledge
Intuitive knowledge
Demonstrative knowledge
Adequate
Practical Approach

12. John Locke Metaphysics: Personal Identity
Substance
Idea of substance
Locke’s elephant story
Ideas of material substance & spiritual substance
The Identity of Living Things
Living creatures
Man
Identity of Man
What is Man?

13. John Locke Metaphysics: Personal Identity
Consciousness & Personal Identity
Person
Consciousness
Consciousness makes Personal Identity
Forgetting
Clothing analogy & hand argument
Personal Identity & Immaterial Substance
Is it the same person through change of substance?
Two distinct persons & one immaterial substance?
Example: Nestor

14. John Locke Metaphysics: Personal Identity
Memory & Personal Identity
Resurrection
The Prince & the Cobbler
Language
Self Depends on Consciousness
Consciousness
The Little Finger

15. John Locke Metaphysics: Personal Identity
Reward & Punishment
PI and Justice
The Little Finger
Personal Identity
Objection & Reply
A Problem about Punishment
Drunk, Asleep & Judgment Day
Odd Cases
Two & One

16. John Locke Moral Theory
Morality
Moral Ideas
Pleasure & Pain
Law
Three Kinds of Law
Locke’s rationalist account of ethics
Moral demonstration
Locke’s empirical account of ethics
Locke’s mixed bag

17. John Locke Philosophy of Religion
Empirical Ideas of God
Introduction
Source of the idea of God
Rejection of the perfection argument
Proving God’s existence
Proving
Deism
Locke’s view
Impact

18. John Locke Political Philosophy
Background
The State of Nature
The state
Locke’s assumptions
Differences from Hobbes’ state of nature
The qualities of the state of nature

19. John Locke Political Philosophy
Natural Laws & Rights
Natural law theory
Common property
The basis of property & Locke’s proviso
Limits of property
Right of punishment & reparation
Right of self defense
Slavery

20. John Locke Political Philosophy
Social Contract
Motivation1: the state of nature lacks established, settled, known law
Motivation 2: the state of nature lacks a known and indifferent judge
Motivation 3: in the state of nature there is a lack of power to enforce sentences
The contract & consent
Majority rule
Express & tacit consent

21. John Locke Political Philosophy
Limits of government
Powers given up in society
Limits of power
Extent of the legislative power
Natural law remains
Branches of government
Tyranny & Resistance
Tyranny
Resistance

22. John Locke Problems & Impact
Innate Ideas
Straw man?
Intellect
Representative realism
Problem of the external world
Locke’s proposed solution
Problem
Tyranny of the majority
Majority rule

23. John Locke Problems & Impact
Impact & Significance
Politics
Philosophy

24. George Berkeley Background
There was a young man who said, "God Must think it exceedingly odd
If he finds that this tree Continues to be,
When there's no one about in the quad."
Dear Sir, your astonishment's odd
I'm always about in the quad,
And that's why the tree Continues to be,
Since observed by,
Yours faithfully,
God

25. George Berkeley Background
Life
Impact on American Education

26. George Berkeley Opposing Skepticism & Atheism
Berkeley’s Project
Treatise
Three Dialogues
Newtonian Science
Matter
Idealism
Against skepticism
The philosopher of common sense

27. George Berkeley Empirical Reformation
Locke to the logical conclusion
Locke
Theory of Ideas
Ideas
Criticism of Abstract Ideas
Locke’s theory of abstract ideas
Berkeley’s criticism
General ideas
Language problem
Rejection of abstract ideas: rejection of matter

28. George Berkeley Empirical Reformation
Arguments from Mental Dependency
Meaning Argument
Idea argument
Objection & reply
Argument from Pain & Pleasure
The argument
Heat & pain

29. George Berkeley Empirical Reformation
Arguments from Perceptual Relativity
Hot & Cold Argument
Taste & Odor Argument
Sound
Color
Results

30. George Berkeley Empirical Reformation
Primary & Secondary Qualities Arguments
Primary & Secondary Qualities
Contradiction argument
Inseparability Argument
Extension Argument
Objection: extension & matter in general
Number Argument
Dream Argument
Distance Argument

31. George Berkeley Empirical Reformation
Imagination Argument
Criticism of Representational Realism
Locke
Objection
Primary & secondary qualities

32. George Berkeley Metaphysics
The World
Objection: banishing the real
Reply
Dreams vs. Reality
Existence
Samuel Johnson
Seeming Absurdity

33. George Berkeley Metaphysics
Cause of Ideas
Goal
Ideas cannot Cause Ideas
Material Substance
Substance
Spirit & Ideas
Spirit
There can be no idea of soul or spirit
The active mind
Ideas of sense

34. George Berkeley Metaphysics
Proof of God’s Existence
Knowledge of other spirits
Argument from design
God: another proof & cause
God the Perceiver
Perceiver
Refutation of Deism
Deism
Refutation

35. George Berkeley Metaphysics
Problem with God
The Problem
Hylas’ Dilemma
Berkeley’s Reply
Hylas’ Reply

36. George Berkeley Science & Laws of Nature
Science in an Immaterial World
Berkeley’s View
The Laws of Nature
Causation
Science & Religion
Scriptural Argument
Time & Space

37. George Berkeley Problems & Impact
Trilemma
Solipsism
Representative Realism
Pantheism
Other Problems
Perceiving & Conceiving
Notion
Common Sense
Hume
Theists

38. George Berkeley Problems & Impact