1. I. Review II. Booker T. Washington (1895) III. W. E. B. Du Bois (1897) IV. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) A. Majority opinion B. Harlan's dissent Legal Cases: Lecture II

2. II. Booker T. Washington (1895) A. Occasion/Audience B. To African Americans 1.Start at bottom; work to top 2.“Dignify and glorify common labor” (122) 3.Become useful citizen (123) 4.Economic, not political opportunity (124)

3. C. To white Southerner 1.Employ African Americans, not foreigners (122) 2.A patient, faithful, devoted labor force (122) 3.No fear of social equality (124) D. Prosperous New South E. Metaphor of hand (122)

4. III. W. E. B. Du Bois (1897) A. Audience B. Opportunity (144, 149) 1. Spiritual as well as economic 2. Souls v. hands C. Metaphor of the Veil (142) D. Double consciousness (143)

5. IV. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) A. Majority opinion 1. Is separate but equal constitutional? 2. 13th Amendment (42-43) 3. 14th Amendment a. Intention (44) b. Reasonable (50) c. Logical fallacy (50)

6. B. Harlan's dissent 1. 13th Amendment "badges of servitude" (59) 2. 14th Amendment a. Intention (54-5) b. Not reasonable, but constitutional: "color-blind" (57) c. Not logic, but history: "thin disguise" (59)

7. 1619: slavery introduced to Virginia 1865: slavery abolished in USA 1867: Radical Reconstruction 1877: Reconstruction ends 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson

8. POLITICAL RIGHTS Government I I I I I I Citizens SOCIAL RIGHTS Individual-----------------Individual

9. 1. African Americans are denied legal protection. 2.Evasion of the law results from prejudices generated by slavery. 3.“Best thought of the South” insists on the “intermingling” of the races in “all places and all relations.”

10. Equality among the races cannot be forced by legislation; “it must be the result of natural affinities, a mutual appreciation of each other’s merits and a voluntary consent of individuals.”

11. Standards of Reasonableness 1. Community 2. Higher law a. Nature a. Religion 3. Science 4. Logic

12. Senator Hoar: “’For God hath made of one blood all the nations of the earth.’” (St. Paul) Senator Miller: “Go on—quote the remainder of the sentence.” Senator Hoar: “There is no more of it.” Senator Miller: “Oh, yes, there is. For the apostle added to the words the Senator has just quoted, ‘and hath determined the bounds of their habitation.’”