1. UNIT 4 - THE CRISIS OF UNION 1848-1877

2. CHAPTER 10 – Sectional Conflict Intensifies I. The Impact of the War With Mexico. The Mexican War opened up new lands!! The Mexican War opened up new lands!! Article 4, Section 2 of the Constitution Southerners said it gave them the right to retrieve enslaved persons who fled across the state lines.

3. Chapter 10, Sec 1 A. President James K. Polk – Southern A. President James K. Polk – Southern Democrat and a slave holder. Democrat and a slave holder. He thought no one would take slaves He thought no one would take slaves into the dry southwestern climate. into the dry southwestern climate.

4. Chapter 10, Sec 1 B. The Wilmot Proviso – B. The Wilmot Proviso – David Wilmot proposed that David Wilmot proposed that in any territory the U.S. in any territory the U.S. gained from Mexico…. gained from Mexico…. ”neither slavery nor involuntary ”neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist.” servitude shall ever exist.” Southerners were outraged and believed that any antislavery decision would threaten slavery everywhere. Southerners were outraged and believed that any antislavery decision would threaten slavery everywhere.

5. Chapter 10, Sec 1 Calhoun argued that Congress had no right to ban slavery in the territories. right to ban slavery in the territories. C. Popular Sovereignty. Senator Lewis Cass (Michigan) Suggested the use of popular sovereignty. This took the Senate out of the argument. This took the Senate out of the argument. Northerners felt mostly northern settlers would be settling there anyway. Northerners felt mostly northern settlers would be settling there anyway. BUT abolitionists said it was not fair to slaves. BUT abolitionists said it was not fair to slaves.

6. Chapter 10, Sec 1 C. The Free-Soil Party Emerges. C. The Free-Soil Party Emerges. 1848 Election – Whigs – Zachary Taylor (war hero) Whigs – Zachary Taylor (war hero) In the NORTH the party was split: In the NORTH the party was split: Conscience Whigs – opposed slavery Conscience Whigs – opposed slavery Cotton Whigs – northerners linked Cotton Whigs – northerners linked to Northern manufacturers who to Northern manufacturers who needed Southern cotton. needed Southern cotton. Free-Soil Party – opposed slavery Free-Soil Party – opposed slavery in the “free-soil” of western territories. in the “free-soil” of western territories.

7. Chapter 10, Sec 1 D. The 1848 Election. D. The 1848 Election. DEMOCRATS – Lewis Cass – Michigan DEMOCRATS – Lewis Cass – Michigan Supported popular sovereignty. Supported popular sovereignty. FREE-SOIL PARTY – Martin Van Buren FREE-SOIL PARTY – Martin Van Buren Against slavery in territories & Against slavery in territories & backed the Wilmot Proviso backed the Wilmot Proviso WHIGS – Zachary Taylor WHIGS – Zachary Taylor avoided the whole issue avoided the whole issue WINNER!! WINNER!! Taylor Taylor

8. Chapter 10, Sec 1 II. THE SEARCH FOR COMPROMISE. GOLD is discovered in CA. GOLD is discovered in CA. By 1849, more than 80,000 By 1849, more than 80,000 “Forty-Niners” arrived. “Forty-Niners” arrived. CA applied in 1849 to be a free state. CA applied in 1849 to be a free state.

9. Chapter 10, Sec 1 A. THE GREAT DEBATE! A. THE GREAT DEBATE! 1. Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser” proposed 8 resolutions to solve the crisis of CA entering the Union as a FREE state. He grouped them in pairs to give concessions to both sides - North and South. 1. Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser” proposed 8 resolutions to solve the crisis of CA entering the Union as a FREE state. He grouped them in pairs to give concessions to both sides - North and South.

10. Chapter 10, Sec 1 2. The Compromise of 1850 2. The Compromise of 1850  CA would come in as a FREE state, BUT the rest of the Mexican cession would not have restrictions on slavery.  Settled the border between NM & TX in favor of NM, BUT the federal government took on TX’s debts.  Outlawed slave trade in the District of Columbia, BUT did not outlaw slavery.  Congress would be prohibited from interfering with domestic slave trade, AND would pass a new Fugitive Slave Act to help Southerners get slaves back.

11. Chapter 10, Sec 1 3. Calhoun (SC) composed a speech in reply to the compromise. He said that he did not think this compromise would save the union. 3. Calhoun (SC) composed a speech in reply to the compromise. He said that he did not think this compromise would save the union. He said secession was the only answer. He said secession was the only answer. 4. Daniel Webster (MA) responded and said that the Senate should put national unity above sectional loyalties. He said the compromise was the only hope to save the union! 4. Daniel Webster (MA) responded and said that the Senate should put national unity above sectional loyalties. He said the compromise was the only hope to save the union!

12. Chapter 10, Sec 1 B. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 B. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 1. Taylor was against Clay’s bill, so it 1. Taylor was against Clay’s bill, so it did not pass. did not pass. 2. Taylor died in office; VP Fillmore 2. Taylor died in office; VP Fillmore took over & supported the compromise. took over & supported the compromise. 3. Stephen A. Douglas (IL) took over as leader of the Senate & divided the Compromise into several small bills. By fall, all of the bills passed as Clay had stated them, & Pres. Fillmore signed it. 3. Stephen A. Douglas (IL) took over as leader of the Senate & divided the Compromise into several small bills. By fall, all of the bills passed as Clay had stated them, & Pres. Fillmore signed it. 4. HOWEVER, this only 4. HOWEVER, this only eased tensions for a few years. eased tensions for a few years.

13. Chapter 10, Sec 1 Compromise of 1850 CA admitted to union as free state TX Border dispute With NM resolved TX received $10 million Slave trade Abolished in D.C., But not slavery Enforcement of New Fugitive Act Popular Sovereignty in Utah & NM

14. Chapter 10, Sec 2 Mounting Violence I. UNCLE TOM’S CABIN - by Harriet Beecher Stowe by Harriet Beecher Stowe She evoked pity & outrage in readers. This book is considered one of the causes of The Civil War. The Civil War.

15. Chapter 10, Sec 2 II. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 – The NY Independent - A. “almost no colored man is safe in our streets.” A. “almost no colored man is safe in our streets.” A person claiming that an African American had escaped had only to point out that person as a runaway to take him or her into custody. A person claiming that an African American had escaped had only to point out that person as a runaway to take him or her into custody. The accused would then be brought before a federal commissioner. The accused would then be brought before a federal commissioner. The court only needed a sworn statement or testimony of a white witness to order the person to be sent South. The court only needed a sworn statement or testimony of a white witness to order the person to be sent South. African Americans had no right to trial & could not testify in court. African Americans had no right to trial & could not testify in court. Commissioners got $10 to side with slaveholders Commissioners got $10 to side with slaveholders BUT only $5 if they decided for the slave. BUT only $5 if they decided for the slave. Any Northerner could be made to catch African American Any Northerner could be made to catch African American runaways. runaways.

16. Chapter 10, Sec 2 B. NORTHERN RESISTANCE GROWS. B. NORTHERN RESISTANCE GROWS. 1. The requirement for ordinary citizens to help capture runaways was what drove many Northerners into action. 1. The requirement for ordinary citizens to help capture runaways was what drove many Northerners into action. 2. Frederick Douglas gave 2. Frederick Douglas gave powerful speeches that stirred crowds. 3. Douglas also wrote a pamphlet in which he said “The True Remedy for the Fugitive Slave Law—A good revolver, a steady hand, and a determination to shoot down any man attempting to kidnap.” 3. Douglas also wrote a pamphlet in which he said “The True Remedy for the Fugitive Slave Law—A good revolver, a steady hand, and a determination to shoot down any man attempting to kidnap.”

17. Chapter 10, Sec 2 C. The Underground Railroad C. The Underground Railroad In the 1830s, system In the 1830s, system that helped slaves that helped slaves escape. Members were escape. Members were called “Conductors.” called “Conductors.” They transported slaves They transported slaves north in secret. The most north in secret. The most famous conductor was famous conductor was Harriet Tubman. Harriet Tubman.

18. Chapter 10, Sec 2 III. THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD Americans were convinced that a railroad should be built to connect the West Coast to the rest of the country. The Americans were convinced that a railroad should be built to connect the West Coast to the rest of the country. The new railroad would reduce new railroad would reduce travel to four days and travel to four days and provide further settlement provide further settlement and growth in the territories and growth in the territories along the route. along the route.

19. Chapter 10, Sec 2 A. The starting point is an element in the A. The starting point is an element in the sectional conflict between the N. and S. sectional conflict between the N. and S. ► Southerners preferred New Orleans BUT that required the RR to pass through BUT that required the RR to pass through northern Mexico. northern Mexico. ► Sec. of State Jefferson Davis (Southerner) sent James (Southerner) sent James Gadsden (SC) to buy land from Gadsden (SC) to buy land from Mexico. Mexico. ► Santa Anna sold 30,000 sq mi to the U.S. for $10 million – the GADSDEN PURCHASE. for $10 million – the GADSDEN PURCHASE.

20. Chapter 10, Sec 2 THE GADSDEN PURCHASE

21. Chapter 10, Sec 2 ► Northerners – Douglas was from IL and wanted Chicago as starting point, AND he knew he needed the new territory west of Missouri and Iowa to be organized. He prepared a bill to organize “Nebraska.” The House passed it, but Southern senators prevented the bill from being passed. The House passed it, but Southern senators prevented the bill from being passed.

22. Chapter 10, Sec 2 IV. The KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT A. TWO NEW TERRITORIES A. TWO NEW TERRITORIES Douglas now proceeded to propose to undo the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery. Douglas now proceeded to propose to undo the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery. He proposed Nebraska to be a Northern free state and Kansas a Southern slave state. Even though He proposed Nebraska to be a Northern free state and Kansas a Southern slave state. Even though Northerners were upset, the bill passed in May 1854. Northerners were upset, the bill passed in May 1854.

23. Chapter 10, Sec 2 B. BLEEDING KANSAS B. BLEEDING KANSAS 1. Kansas was the first 1. Kansas was the first battleground over the battleground over the extension of slavery. extension of slavery. 2. 1855 – armed Missourians 2. 1855 – armed Missourians called “border ruffians” stormed called “border ruffians” stormed into Kansas & voted illegally to help elect a pro-slavery legislature. into Kansas & voted illegally to help elect a pro-slavery legislature. 3. Antislavery settlers held a convention & drafted their own constitution. 3. Antislavery settlers held a convention & drafted their own constitution. 4. By 1856, Kansas had two governments. 4. By 1856, Kansas had two governments.