1. 1 CHAPTER 4 Individual Variations

2. 2 1. 3 Intelligence : T he Normal Curve

3. 3 1.8 Theories of Multiple Intelligence Sternberg’s Theory Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. Intelligence comes in three forms: Intelligence comes in three forms: Analytical: Analytical: analyze, judge, evaluate, compare/contrast analyze, judge, evaluate, compare/contrast Creative: Creative: create, design, invent, originate, and imagine create, design, invent, originate, and imagine Practical: Practical: use, apply, implement, put into practise use, apply, implement, put into practise

4. 4 1.9 Theories of Multiple Intelligence: Gardner’s Theory Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind Gardner’s Eight Frames of Mind Skills are represented in the following areas: Skills are represented in the following areas: Verbal Musical Verbal Musical Mathematical Intrapersonal Mathematical Intrapersonal Spatial Interpersonal Spatial Interpersonal Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Plus…. Plus…. Existential Skills: the ability to contemplate global questions about life Existential Skills: the ability to contemplate global questions about life

5. 5 The various theories have stimulated us to think – and teach - more broadly in terms of intelligence and competence. 1.10 Theories of Multiple Intelligence: Evaluating the Multiple-Intelligence Approaches

6. 6 2.3 Learning Styles: Teaching Strategies Honour students’ diverse learning and thinking styles appropriately Honour students’ diverse learning and thinking styles appropriately Monitor students’ learning and thinking styles Monitor students’ learning and thinking styles Recognize that learning and thinking styles can vary across contexts Recognize that learning and thinking styles can vary across contexts

7. 7 3.2 Personality and Temperament Personality: The distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world Temperament: A person’s behavioural style and characteristic way of responding

8. 8 3.3 Personality and Temperament: The “Big Five” Personality Factors

9. 9 3.4 Personality and Temperament Person-Situation Interaction Theory The best way to characterize an individual’s personality is not in terms of personal traits or characteristics alone, but also in terms of the situation involved.

10. 10 3.5 Personality and Temperament Three basic styles of temperament found in children Easy Positive mood Establishes regular routines Adapts to new experiences Difficult React negatively Aggressive tendencies Lacks self- control Slow-to-Warm-Up Low activity level Negative Slow adaptability Low intensity of mood