1. Properties of Matter
Unit 2 Lecture 1

2. Matter Matter: anything that has mass & takes up space
The only things which truly exist in the universe are:
matter
energy

3. Properties of Matter Physical Properties
what an object “is” [a description of a material]
ex: size, color, mass, etc.

4. Properties of Matter – cont’d
Chemical Properties
what an object “does”
become evident during a chemical reaction
ex: (in)flammability, chemical stability, pH…etc.

5. Properties of Matter – cont’d
Physical Changes
any change to the material that does not change the material itself
change deals with the state/phase of the matter
are REVERSIBLE
ex: icewatersteam; salt dissolved in water

6. Properties of Matter – cont’d
Chemical Changes – aka Chemical Reactions
result in one or more new substances
[new substances have – of course – different chem & physical properties than original substance]
results in a change of energy
ex: acid + water gives off heat
NON-REVERSIBLE [except through another chem. rxn]

7. Properties of Matter – cont’d
Obvious signs of a Chemical Change/Reaction
color change
energy released [heat, light, etc]
odor
gas(es) or solid(s) produced
…etc.

8. Discuss
Is each a: physical property, physical change, chemical property, or chemical change?
ice melting
hydrogen & oxygen making water
a car is blue
iron ore can be melted to obtain pure iron
a screw on the deck rusts

9. Matter – cont’d Composition of Matter
based on what types of particles make up a substance
Elements, Compounds or Mixtures
Phases of Matter / States of Matter
based on how particles are arranged because of Energy
Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

10. [you’ll fill these in for each phase of matter as we go along]
Phases of Matter
If you like to write A LOT, you may need another sheet of lined paper. I will tell you what you need to write down, then we will quickly review at the end.
Phase of Matter
Volume
Shape
Particle Mvmt
Energy /Temp
Other Notes
[you’ll fill these in for each phase of matter as we go along]

11. Phases of Matter – Solids
crystal lattice: repeating pattern of particles that are locked into shape
melting points are influenced by strong forces between elements of this structure

12. Solids – cont’d Particle Movement & Energy
particles vibrate around the arranged atoms
low energy

13. Solids – OTHER Talc: 1 Quartz: 100 Topaz: 200 Diamond: 1600 Hardness
describes how hard a solid is compared to other solids
is influenced by forces between particles in a solid
Talc: Quartz: Topaz: Diamond: 1600

14. Solids – cont’d Something you don’t need to know:
3 things that define the hardness of an object
scratch – resistance to fracture / deformation due to sharp object
indentation – resistance to deformation due to constant load of object
rebound – height of bounce

15. Solids – cont’d Shape & Volume
shape and volume are definite – not dependent on the size or shape of container
must add energy to change shape or volume

16. Solids – OTHER Shape & Volume
amorphous solids – solids that change shape when energy is applied, but retain their shape w/o added energy
“a-” – non/not [negative prefix]
“morph-” – form, shape
wax, glass, play-doh

17. Phases of Matter – Liquids
particles of matter are touching but not locked into pattern/shape

18. Liquids – cont’d Particle Movement & Energy
particles “slide” past one another – not fixed
atoms mobile, but are still close together
higher energy than solids

19. Liquids – OTHER Viscosity describes how well a liquid flows
high viscosity = “thick”; low viscosity “thin”
based on attractive forces between the particles
Which is more viscous??

20. Liquids – cont’d Shape & Volume
shape not defined - take the shape of their container
volume is defined – not based on the size or shape of container

21. Liquids – OTHER
Surface of a liquid is assumed to be parallel to the surface of the Earth when at rest
Amorphous solids are also classified as “super-cooled liquids”

22. Phases of Matter - Gases
particles are not locked into a pattern and rarely come into contact with each other – very spread out
collisions define the pressure of the gas
we will discuss this soon.

23. Gases – cont’d Particle Movement & Energy
independent, straight-line patterns – not fixed.
only brief interaction when collision occurs
higher energy than solids

24. Gases – cont’d Shape & Volume
indefinite shape – take the shape of their container
indefinite volume – take the shape of their container
change shape & volume based on container
this is why aromatics/perfumes will spread across a room

25. Phases of Matter - Plasma
very similar to a gas, but particles collide with so much force, electrons are knocked off of atoms
creates a “charged gas” state

26. Plasma – cont’d Particle Movement & Energy movements similar to gases
MUCH higher energy than other phases

27. Plasma – cont’d Shape & Volume
indefinite shape – take the shape of their container
indefinite volume – take the shape of their container

28. Plasma - OTHER Plasma uncommon on Earth; they start around 5000 ºC
only in lightning, aurorae

29. Phases of Matter Type of Matter Volume Shape Solid definite Liquid
takes shape of container
Gas
expands to fill container
Plasma

30. Type of Matter
Particle Movement
Energy / Temperature
Solid
fixed vibrations around bonded atoms
lowest
Liquid
slide close to one another
higher than solids
Gas
move almost independently; straight lines
higher than liquids
Plasma
similar to gases
MUCH higher than other phases

31. Discuss Which is the lowest energy phase of matter?
Which is the highest energy phase of matter?
In which phase of matter are particles sliding past one another?
Which phase of matter is rarely found on Earth?
In which phase of matter are particles locked in a regular, repeating pattern?

32. Phase Changes
You must add or remove Heat Energy to change from one phase to another

33. Phase Changes – Warming up!
Three Phase Changes that require added heat energy:
Melting
solid  liquid
Vaporization
liquid  gas
Sublimation
solid  gas

34. Phase Changes – Cooling down!
Phase Changes that require removal of heat energy:
Condensation
gas  liquid
Freezing
liquid  solid
gassolid
Honors Only
Third Change
Deposition
gas  solid

35. Phase Changes – Graphic
Plateaus exist while matter is changing from one form to another until all matter is converted.

37. Homework
finish Chapters 15, 16, and 17 vocabulary - due Friday States of Matter Crossword [pgs 2-3] - crossword ignores “plasma” as a phase - REALLY LIGHT – write down the #of letters per word

38. Crossword – Help DOWN 1 – 14 letters 14 – 5 letters 3 – 7 letters

39. Crossword – Help ACROSS
1 – 6 letters
12 – 8 letters
2 – 12 letters
13 – 11 letters
4 – 3 letters
17 – 14 letters
6 – 5 letters
18 – 5 letters
7 – 4 letters
22 – 12 letters
10 – 6 letters
23 – 5 letters
letters
24 – 6 letters