1. Retreat from Laissez Faire EARLY SOCIALISTS Jeremy Bentham- (1748-1832) wrote ‘’Principles of Morals and Legislation’. – – happiness is the presence of pleasure and absence of pain. Gov’t should assure happiness for most people by creating a welfare state. John Stuart Mill- (1806-73) said govt should have some control on economy. Labor unions are good to protect workers…also discussed redistribution of wealth

2. Socialism GENERAL FEELINGS… Called for state ownership of private production to protect interest of all people Teach people to cooperate, not being competitive DIFFERENCE: Robert Owen-Robert Owen- In Scotland, was successful w/o exploiting workers Louis BlancLouis Blanc- In France, wrote Organization of Work that said use competition to eliminate competition….!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!

3. Blanc’s steps to Socialism Create a French republic with universal suffrage & a workers political party Nationalize trains Create social workshops Bankrupt factories taken over by state ‘…from each according to his abilities, to each according to needs.’

4. Marxism Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles- wrote Communist Manifesto (1848) about ‘scientific socialism’ Workers should rebel Profit is the theft of the workers Proletariat should unite against the aristocrats and bourgeoisie Religion is the ‘opium for the masses’ Das Kapital- criticize capitalism

5. Socialist ism’s Revisionism- socialism through democratic reforms Anarchism- called for the destruction of the state with use of violence and assassinations Leaders of Italy, Russia, Austria, France and United States were assassinated by them Christian Socialism- reforms due to ‘brotherly love’

6. Russian Imperial Flag

7. Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

8. Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

9. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in Crimean War Started reforms & Industrial Revolution Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861] Zemstvos formed 1864- judicial reforms Expanded Russia’s boundaries Stopped Populist Revolts and not People’s Will

10. Russian Expansion The Pale

11. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary…no more reforms!!!! Slavophil Russification heightened Pogroms toward Jews Forced migration of Jews ‘Iron Fist’ rule Harassed Catholics and Protestants Tightened Censorship

12. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

13. Nicholas II (1894-1917) Last of the Romanovs Encouraged industrialization Trans Siberian Railroad Still mainly an agriculture country lots of rural poverty and overpopulation

14. Growth of Radicalism Social Democrats- (Mensheviks and Bolsheviks) Marxist will split into these two groups. Lenin headed the Bolsheviks. Mainly industrial workers. Socialist Revolution Party- mainly peasants and workers. Union of Liberation- Middle class liberals who wanted a constitutional monarchy

15. 1905 Revolution After loss to Japan (1904-5), government was seen as weak by the people ‘Bloody Sunday’- troops fired into peaceful crowd in St. Petersburg’s Winter Palace. – –Caused demonstrations and strikes throughout Russia October Manifesto- 1905- Nicholas tries to stop outbreak, creates a constitution (Fundamental Laws) granting civil rights and creating a Duma & legalized political parties – –Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Octobrist (m.c. liberals), Cadets (const. demo’s)

17. Post Revolution 1906 & 1907 1 st and 2 nd Duma’s created, but dissolved by Nicholas 1906 Agrarian Reform Act- gave peasants land hoping to create a landowning society who would vote for the conservatives Too late…revolution and war will engulf Russia

18. Socialism Throughout Europe Germany- – –Bismarck attacks the church – –Kulturkampf- struggle against the church … expelled the Jesuits…put clergy education under government control…EPIC FAILURE! – –Led to the Social Democrats to be formed. – –He created Anti-Socialist Laws – –Created welfare system (better than ours today) to win over the workers…failed! – –Kaiser Wilhelm II (r.1888-1918) dismissed Bismarck…ruled on his own!

19. Socialism Throughout Europe Austria- Hungary- – –Christian Social Party formed in Vienna. Excluded Jews. Hitler involved Great Britain- – –Fabianism- moderate socialist, labor leaders and intellects…led to Labour Party ( 1900 formed…still in existence) Change through democracy was more successful than violence. Marx dream (elimination of states) was in the future…not now!