1. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 1 PIPE EXTRUSION

2. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 2 Pipe plant elements Extruder Die Sizing device Cooling bath Puller Cutter or Winder

3. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 3 Pipe Extrusion Plant

4. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 4 MATERIALS PVC HDPE PS ABS

5. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 5 PVC Pipes are available in two forms: Rigid PVC or Unplasticised PVC Soft PVC or Plasticised PVC

6. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 6 PVC can’t be processed alone. It needs to be compounded by adding different ingredients.

7. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 7 Ingredients added in PVC compounding Plasticizers Fillers Heat stabilizers Lubricants Processing aids Flame retardants Colorants Impact modifiers

8. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 8 Plasticisers are used to make the resin softer, reduce the viscosity and thus make processing of PVC easier. Di- allyl phthalate (DAP) and di ‑ 2 ‑ ethyl hexyl phthalate (DOP) are examples of common PVC plasticisers.

9. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 9 Heat stabilizers are required to prevent the thermal degradation of PVC at the processing temperatures. The degradation involves resin discoloration and evolution of HCl. In the past lead stabilisers have been used (viz. lead stearates). Owing to toxicity of Pb, today the most common stabilisers are based on tin, viz. di-butyl tin maleate.

10. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 10 RPVC-pipe formulation PVC Resin (K = 67.68)100 parts Tin stabiliser0.4 Calcium stearate0.8 Wax1.2 TiO 2 (colorant)1.0 CaCO 3 20 to 40

11. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 11 Lubricants are used to reduce friction during processing that may lead to degradation. Two types of lubricants are used: external and internal. The former (viz. calcium stearate and wax) is used to reduce friction between metal surfaces and the polymer, the latter (viz. stearic acid) the friction arising out of polymer chain slippage.

12. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 12 Fillers and reinforcements are added for cost reduction (fillers) and improvement of the mechanical properties (reinforcements). Both increase rigidity, hardness, density and fire retardancy. A typical filler is calcium carbonate; typical reinforcements are chopped glass fibre and mica flakes, while such additives as clay, talc, and silica are in-between.

13. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 13 Flame retarding agents are needed for plasticised PVC. Chlorinated paraffin oil or wax, oxides of Sb, Mo, P, or B, as well as aluminium hydroxide have been used.

14. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 14 Processing aids are added to rigid PVC to improve flow through the barrel and die. To this group of additives belong polymers and copolymers miscible with PVC, e.g., PMMA, ABS, SAN.

15. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 15 Impact modifiers are added to improve the impact strength. Impact modifiers are composed of at least two parts: one that ascertains miscibility with PVC, the other elastomeric in nature that provides the toughening effect. Examples of these include MBS, EVAc, CSR, and NBR.

16. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 16 PVC compounding is usually carried out in two stages: Dry ‑ blending PVC resin with additives in an intensive dry mixer, equipped with a high speed impeller. Melt blending in a suitable compounder, e.g., single-, twin-, or multi-screw extruders, single or twin shaft compounders, Kinetic energy mixer, etc.

17. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 17 Sizing equipments The extrudate emerging from the pipe die usually shows variation of diameter, caused by variability of the rheological melt properties. Thus, the pipe has to be calibrated or “sized” while hot.

18. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 18 Four methods are in use for pipe sizing Vacuum trough Sizing sleeve Extended mandrel Sizing plates

19. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 19 Vacuum trough The pipe, coming out of the die passes through a long closed trough filled with cooling water. Inside the trough, the pipe passes through fixed metal rings of predetermined size. Since, vacuum is drawn over the water, the internal pressure in the soft pipe causes it to expand against the rings. Thus the pipe gets the outside diameter.

20. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 20 Sizing sleeve This method fixes the outside pipe diameter as it hardens by contact with a water ‑ cooled metal sleeve. The contact is achieved by air pressure inside the pipe or by drawing vacuum through the perforated inside surface of the sleeve. The method produces glossy, smooth, closely controlled outer surface.

21. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 21 Extended mandrel This method uses a water-cooled metal mandrel that extends beyond the die. Shrinkage of pipe as it cools helps to keep a light contact with the mandrel. Thus this method provides additional internal cooling and internal support.

22. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 22 Sizing plates This method involves pulling the pipe through a series of brass or stainless steel plates. Air pressure in the pipe forces it against the plates, thus controlling the outside pipe diameter. This method is mainly used for smaller diameter pipes.

23. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 23 Cooling water troughs During the sizing also the pipe gets cooled. Cooling is done by spraying water over the surface of the pipe. The length of the cooling troughs for PE is longer than for PVC.

24. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 24 Pulling Machines Pulling machines maintain uniform pipe size. Pullers are either the caterpillar type or the gripping wheel type. The puller speed is controlled by electrical, electronic or magnetic speed variators.

25. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 25 Controls They provide automatic measurements and control of pipe size. In one system the capacitance of the pipe is measured and is related to the thickness. The sensing head moves around the pipe, showing when the pipe is out of round and when it is generally too heavy or too light. All these systems can be made to feed back to control the puller or the extruder drive.

26. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 26 Cutting devices Circular saw cutters, with blades specially designed for cutting plastics, are used to cut the pipe into specified lengths. Automatic cutting devices are also used. They travel with the pipe to cut, then after cutting go back to pick up the next pipe length. Larger sizes are sawed to length.

27. Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, INDIA 27 Coiling devices Smaller diameter Soft PVC and HDPE pipes are coiled on a large centre ‑ wood reel. In simple methods pipe is coiled by a band rank.