1. Figure App. 4.1

2. Atomic Structure…

3. The MOST ABUNDANT ATOM, HYDROGEN, PLUS ITS ISOTOPES.

4. SALT (SODIOUM CHLORIDE) MOST ABUNDANT SOLUTE IN OCEANS

5. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF WATER

6. REAL OBSERVED ELECTRON DISTRIBUTIONS IN COPPER OXIDE

7. EQUILIBRIA ARE KEY ELEMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING NATURE…

8. UNITS OF MEASURE

9. DERIVED UNITS

10. NEWTON’S LAWS

11. NEWTON’S 2ND LAW

12. FORCE DUE TO GRAVITY

13. PROTOSOLAR NEBULA Let us return to our protosolar nebula from which Earth was formed.

14. Eventually, after lengthy evolution, the Earth has reached this overall structure: Solid earth, ocean, Atmosphere…

15. The Earth is volcanically active, resulting in gaseous emission, i.e. “VOLATILES”

16. STARTING MATERIAL = VOLATILES AND SEDIMENTS Earth’s evolution did not result in much loss of matter, What was here to start is nearly ALL still here.

17. Volatiles arise from weathering, but much more from volcanic activity

18. Volatile species are susceptible of further chemical processing… MOLECULES OF LIFE Lightning, entry of meteors…

19. Surface life is based upon photosynthesis, after long evolution.

20. Drawing from photomicrograph of possible early life form, 3.5 B years old… A human hair is typically 70 microns in width

21. Striking evidence for the advent of photosynthetic life… COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

22. With atmosphere, oxygen, photosynthesis, plants, hydrological cycle, etc., you have an ecosphere…

23. A representation of the time line for Earth evolution…

24. The result of the weathering, volcanism, formation of atmosphere, biology, hydrological cycle, and more is our Earth climate system.