1. Flower & Fruit Injury Codling moth in apple Apple scab on apple (right) Left: Western flower thrips feeding injury on impatiens. Above: Bean pod mottle virus in soybeans (left) vs. uninfected beans (right)

2. Weed Effects Weed Groups Algae (aquatic systems) Mosses/liverworts (turf & nurseries) Ferns/horsetails (pastureland, horticultural crops) Gymnosperms (rangeland, forests, long-term no-till systems) Angiosperms [monocotyledon & dicotyledon] (annuals, biennials, perennials)

3. Weed Impacts Competitive -- yield loss (quantity and quality) Parasitic effects (cf Norris et al., p 23 – 24) Mechanical interference with farm implements Other incidental –Seed contamination –Land valuation –Health & safety (hay fever, toxins, fire hazard)

4. Comparative Biology of Pests Chapter 5 is divided into 3 principal segments 1.Concepts in Pest Population Regulation 2.Dissemination, Invasion, and Colonization Processes 3.Pest Genetics

5. Comparative Biology of Pests Concepts in Pest Population Regulation 1.Reproduction 2.Fecundity & Fertility 3.Population Generation Time 4.Longevity & Mortality 5.Quiescence and Dormancy 6.Heat Summation & Degree Days 7.Molting & Metamorphosis 8.Life Tables 9.Basic Life Cycle Models

6. 1. Reproduction Good for IPMBad for IPM Sexual 1.Can manage resistance 2.Mating disrupt. possible More plastic, better able to overcome tactics Asexual 1.Strain/race geographically specific 2.Can’t overcome effective controls 1. More inoc. (path & weed) 2. Faster popn. growth (all are reproductive) Note: Many serious species have both sexual & asexual periods or stages.

7. Individual and Population Development Time Includes: 2.Fecundity & Fertility 3.Population Generation Time 4.Cycles per Season 5.Longevity and Mortality Affects management response time

8. Management Response Time The amount of time between when a decision to control a pest is made and when that control takes effect. Primarily used for rescue treatments. Directly affects action thresholds.