1. Presentation 4: Principles of Object-Oriented Middleware

2. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 2 af 33 Outline Students are assumed to be knowledgeable about Computer Networks – including the OSI model and the TCP, UDP protocols. If not … please read ; ) Types of Middleware –Transaction-Oriented Middleware –Message-Oriented Middleware –Remote Procedure Calls Object-Oriented Middleware Developing with Object-Oriented Middleware

3. Computer Networks - an ultra short introduction

4. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 4 af 33 Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link ISO/OSI Reference Model Middleware Specific Middleware Specific

5. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 5 af 33 Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Transport Layer Level 4 of ISO/OSI reference model. Concerned with the transport of information through a network. Two facets in UNIX/Windows networks: –TCP and –UDP Actually TCP & UDP do not follow the OSI model! –rather as an abstract model

6. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 6 af 33 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Provides bi-directional stream of bytes between two distributed components. Reliable but slow protocol. Buffering at both sides de-couples computation speeds. Best at fairly unreliable Networks (as the Internet) Very pratical –As the WWW uses the TCP/IP protocol family –And most Networking Operating Systems as well

7. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 7 af 33 Application Presentation Session Transport Application Presentation Session Transport Input Stream Output Stream Requests Results ClientServer TCP for Request Implementation

8. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 8 af 33 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Enables a component to pass a message containing a sequence of bytes to another component. Other component is identified within message. Unreliable but very fast protocol. Restricted message length. Queuing at receiver Best at highly reliable networks (as a LAN)

9. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 9 af 33 Result Datagrams Application Presentation Session Transport Application Presentation Session Transport Request Datagrams ClientServer UDP for Request Implementation

10. Types of Middleware - and why to use …

11. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 11 af 33 Rolling your own distributed object We may build directly on the TCP or UDP protocols to build a distributed system In Java: quite easy – thanks to the java.net package – which contains a complete network API incl. socket support for TCP/UDP BUT: if we want to ensure OO – more complex Lets take a look at how this may be done

12. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 12 af 33 The Basic Class to OO Class public class HelloWorldBasic { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("HelloWorld!"); } HelloWorld – can it be more simple? public class HelloWorldOO { public HelloWorldOO() { } public void sayHelloWorld() { return “HelloWorld"; } public static void main(String[] args) { HelloWorldOO helloWorldOO = new HelloWorldOO(); System.out.println(helloWorldOO.sayHelloWorld()); } To OO:

13. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 13 af 33 First Issue: Making the Object Distributed - Method Call vs. Object RequestCalledCalled Stub CallerCalledCalledCaller Caller Transport Layer (e.g. TCP or UDP)

14. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 14 af 33 Server Class – The Skeleton (Stub) … public class HelloWorldServerThread extends Thread { protected DatagramSocket socket = null; public HelloWorldServerThread() throws IOException { super(); socket = new DatagramSocket(4450); } public void run() { while (true) { … if (request.startsWith("sayHelloWorld")) { new String(packet.getData()); // figure out response String response = null; //Call the HelloWorldOO method & place it in response HelloWorldOO helloWorldOO = new HelloWorldOO(); response = helloWorldOO.sayHelloWorld(); buf = response.getBytes(); … socket.send(packet); …CalledCalled Stub

15. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 15 af 33 The Client Stub - HelloWorldProxy public class HelloWorldProxy { public HelloWorldProxy() { } public String sayHelloWorld() { … // get a datagram socket socket = new DatagramSocket(); // send the request byte[] buf = new byte[256]; buf = methodCalled.getBytes(); InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("localhost"); DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length, address, 4450); socket.send(packet); // get a response packet = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length); socket.receive(packet); response = new String(packet.getData()); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } socket.close(); return response; … Stub Caller

16. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 16 af 33 Achieving Access Transparency package chapter1; public class HelloWorldClient { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Recieved from Server: " + new HelloWorldProxy().sayHelloWorld()); } … and thus we have achieved access transparency using rather simple constucts (the Proxy pattern). We could have achieved an even higher degree of transparency by using an interface definition – and thus a contract between Client & Server. Stub Caller

17. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 17 af 33 Direct Use of Network Protocols implies Manual mapping of complex request parameters to byte streams or datagrams – is complex & error prone Manual resolution of data heterogeneity –encoding differs on NT & UNIX (what is the format of an Integer?) Manual identification of components –References must be established manually (host add., port nr. etc.) Manual implementation of component activation No guarantees for type safety Manual synchronization of interaction between distributed components –Developers need to handle TCP/UDP output stream/responses No quality of service guarantees –Transactions, Security, Concurrency, Scalability, Reliability

18. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 18 af 33 = Reason for Using Middleware Layered between Application and OS/Network Makes distribution transparent Resolves heterogeneity of –Hardware –Operating Systems –Networks –Programming Languages Provides development and run-time environment for distributed systems “Gets you of the hook” – concerning the nasty stuff in network programming

19. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 19 af 33 Forms of Middleware Transaction-Oriented –Suited for Database Applications –IBM CICS –BEA Tuxedo –Encina Message-Oriented –Suited for Asynchronous (EDI,Batch) –IBM MQSeries –DEC Message Queue –NCR TopEnd –(SOAP) RPC Systems –Suited for Access transparency etc –ANSA –Sun ONC –OSF/DCE –(SOAP) Object-Oriented –OMG/CORBA –DCOM –Java/RMI –(SOAP) First look at RPCs to understand origin of object-oriented middleware

20. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 20 af 33 Remote Procedure Calls Enable procedure calls across host boundaries Call interfaces are defined using an Interface Definition Language (IDL) RPC compiler generates presentation and session layer implementation from IDL RPC is the “legacy” of oo middleware

21. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 21 af 33 Type Safety How can we make sure that –servers are able to perform operations requested by clients? –actual parameters provided by clients match the expected parameters of the server? –results provided by the server match the expectations of client? Middleware acts as mediator between client and server to ensure type safety. Achieved by interface definition in an agreed language.

22. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 22 af 33 Interface Definition Facilitating Type Safety Server Client Request Reply Client & Server has a contract Client & Server has a contract

23. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 23 af 33 IDL Example (Unix RPCs) const NL=64; struct Player { struct DoB {int day; int month; int year;} string name ; }; program PLAYERPROG { version PLAYERVERSION { void PRINT(Player)=0; int STORE(Player)=1; Player LOAD(int)=2; }= 0; } = 105040;

24. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 24 af 33 Flashback to HelloWorld Example How to map complex types? –e.g. returning a struct (in C, C++) or an object (in C++, Java, C#, etc.)? –How would you do it? –Use 5 minutes to discuss this with your neighbor What are the issues? Which technology might help us? How would you do this in Java?

25. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 25 af 33 RPC Marshalling and Unmarshalling Marshalling: Disassemble data structures into transmittable form Unmarshalling: Reassemble the complex data structure char * marshal() { char * msg; msg=new char[4*(sizeof(int)+1) + strlen(name)+1]; sprintf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", dob.day,dob.month,dob.year, strlen(name),name); return(msg); }; void unmarshal(char * msg) { int name_len; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d ", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len); name = new char[name_len+1]; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len,name); }; char * marshal() { char * msg; msg=new char[4*(sizeof(int)+1) + strlen(name)+1]; sprintf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", dob.day,dob.month,dob.year, strlen(name),name); return(msg); }; void unmarshal(char * msg) { int name_len; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d ", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len); name = new char[name_len+1]; sscanf(msg,"%d %d %d %d %s", &dob.day,&dob.month, &dob.year,&name_len,name); };

26. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 26 af 33 RPC Stubs Creating code for marshalling and unmarshalling is tedious and error-prone. Code can be generated fully automatically from interface definition. Code is embedded (hidden away – de-coupled) in stubs for client and server. Client stub represents server for client, Server stub represents client for server. Stubs achieve type safety. Stubs also perform synchronization. NOT object-oriented, no support for exceptions or advanced error handloing

27. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 27 af 33 Synchronization Goal: achieve similar synchronization to local method invocation Achieved by stubs: –Client stub sends request and waits until server finishes –Server stub waits for requests and calls server when request arrives

28. Object-Oriented Middleware

29. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 29 af 33 Interface Definition Language Every object-oriented middleware has an interface definition language (IDL) Beyond RPCs, object-oriented IDLs support object types as parameters, failure handling and inheritance Object-oriented middleware provide IDL compilers that create client and server stubs to implement session and presentation layer

30. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 30 af 33 IDL Example interface Player : Object { typedef struct _Date { short day; short month; short year; } Date; attribute string name; readonly attribute Date DoB; }; interface PlayerStore : Object { exception IDNotFound{}; short save (in Player p); Player load(in short id) raises(IDNotFound); void print(in Player p); };

31. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 31 af 33 Presentation Layer Implementation Ensuring compatible encoding across platforms In addition to RPC presentation layer implementation, object-oriented middleware needs to –define a transport representation for object references –deal with exceptions –need to marshal inherited attributes

32. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 32 af 33 Object References HostsProcessesObjects Session Layer Implementation - Mapping of Object references to hosts -Activation & deactivion of objects -Invocation of requested operation -Synchronization of client & server (state) - Mapping of Object references to hosts -Activation & deactivion of objects -Invocation of requested operation -Synchronization of client & server (state)

33. Developing with Object-Oriented Middleware

34. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 34 af 33 Interface Definition Design Server Stub Generation Client Stub Generation Server Coding Client Coding Server Registration Development Steps SOAP: WSDL Java2WSDL WSDL2JAVA AXIS SOAP

35. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 35 af 33 Facilitating Access Transparency Client stubs have the same operations as server objects –If implemented … Hence, clients can –make local call to client stub –or local call to server object without changing the call. Middleware can accelerate communication if objects are local by not using the stub –Some Middleware products does this implicitly

36. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 36 af 33 Facilitating Location Transparency Based on Object identity … and this is Object references Client requests operation from server object identified by object reference No information about physical location of server necessary How to obtain object references? –Need of a registry – an object adapter –Administrator uses Middleware tool for registering COM uses Windows Registry Java RMI daemon CORBA object Adapter SOAP UDDI –RPC’s – daemon “portmap” Client contacts one portmap daemon or broadcasts –Middleware resolves this (in some cases) SOAP UDDI

37. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 37 af 33 Team.idl included in generates reads IDL-Compiler Teamcl.hh Teamcl.cc Teamsv.cc Teamsv.hh Stub Generation Team.wsdl Team.java Team.midl

38. Ingeniørhøjskolen i Århus Slide 38 af 33 C++ Compiler, Linker Server Client.cc Server.cc C++ Compiler, Linker Client Team.idl included in generates reads IDL-Compiler Teamcl.hh Teamcl.cc Teamsv.cc Teamsv.hh Client and Server Implementation