1. Location and map of region Tectonic activities Mechanism of earthquake Damage Risks

2. Map of Turkey

3. Location/Time of EQ:  A warm and humid evening made sleep difficult, so many people were still up at 3:01 A.M. on 17 August 1999 near the Sea of Marmara in the industrial heartland of Turkey. Description of the disaster:  A ball of flame rising out of the sea, a loud explosion, sinking land along the shoreline, and a big wave of water.

4.  The world's longest and best studied strike-slip (horizontal motion) fault.  A big rupture moved along the North Anatolian fault as a magnitude 7.4 earthquake.  Fault rupture 120 km (75 mile) the south side of the fault moving westward up to 5 m (16.5 ft)  Several weeks later, after evening prayers for Muslims, a segment of the North Anatolian fault to the east ruptured in a 7.1 magnitude earthquake

6.  As the Arabian Plate pushed farther into Eurasia, Turkey is forced to move westward and slowly rotate clockwise in escape tectonics.  Turkey (Anatolian Plate) Is squeezed westward like a watermelon seed from between the fingers.

9. Fig. 4-38, p.86

10. Fig. 4-39, p.86

11.  The two devastating events combined to kill over 19,000 people and cause an estimated $20 billion in damages.

12. Fig. 4-40, p.87

13. Fig. 4-41, p.87

14. Fig. 4-42, p.87

15. Fig. 3-32, p.52

16. Fig. 3-33, p.52

17. Fig. 4-43, p.87

18. Liquefaction is a type of ground failure in which water saturated sediment turns from a solid to a liquid as a result of shaking, often caused by an earthquake or even a volcanic eruption. The intense shaking causes the strength of the soil to become weak and the sand and water begin to flow.

24. The surface rupture of the earthquake. The ground surface was tore apart, forming a complex scar, called mole-track.

31. Earthquake Killed at least 15,000 people injured nearly 25,000, left 200,000 homeless Displaced 600,000, according to estimates in the local emergency response report report. Damage were between 10 and 40 billion dollars

32.  1. Bad buildings collapsed  2. Industrial growth and boom in housing construction.  3. Buildings were built on top of soft, shaky ground and some building contractors cut costs by increasing the percentage of sand in their concrete causing it to crumble during the ground shaking.

33.  The fault keep moving to the west  It gets close to Istanbul  62 % (+/- 15) probability  The next big one will likely occur near Istanbul (13 mill people!)

34. http://www.npagroup.co.uk/insar/Izmit_earthquake.pdf http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2000/c1193/c1193.pdf