1. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 4 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes

2. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissues Histology is the study of tissues

3. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissue Classification Four main groups of tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous tissue

4. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Epithelial Tissue Forms a protective covering for the body Is the main tissue of outer layer of skin Forms membranes, ducts, and the lining of body cavities and hollow organs

5. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Simple epithelial tissues. ZOOMING IN In how many layers are these epithelial cells?

6. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Structure of Epithelial Tissue Classification by shape Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Classification by arrangement Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

7. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Special Functions of Epithelial Tissue Traps foreign particles Mucus-secreting (goblet) cells Cilia Self-repairs quickly

8. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-1: Epithelium is classified according to cell shape. What are the three basic shapes?

9. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Glands Specialized to produce a substance sent out to other parts of the body Exocrine glands Single cell Multiple cells Endocrine glands

10. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-2: Glands are classified according to whether they secrete through ducts or secrete directly into the bloodstream. What are these two categories of glands?

11. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Connective Tissue Categorized by physical properties Liquid connective tissue Soft connective tissue Fibrous connective tissue Hard connective tissue

12. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-3: Connective tissue varies according to the composition of the material that is between the cells. What is the general name for this intercellular material?

13. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Soft Connective Tissue Types of soft connective tissue Areolar (loose) Adipose

14. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Liquid and soft connective tissue. ZOOMING IN Which of these tissues has the most fibers? Which of these tissues is modified for storage?

15. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Fibrous Connective Tissue Types of fibrous connective tissue Collagen Membranes Capsules Tendons Ligaments

16. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hard Connective Tissue Types of hard connective tissue Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Bone Osseous tissue Bone marrow

17. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Fibrous and hard connective tissue.

18. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-4: Connective tissue is the supportive and protective material found throughout the body. What are some examples of liquid, soft, fibrous, and hard connective tissue?

19. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Muscle Tissue Types of muscle tissue Skeletal muscle Voluntary muscle Striated muscle Cardiac muscle (myocardium) Involuntary muscle Intercalated disks Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)

20. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Muscle tissue.

21. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-5: What are the three types of muscle tissue?

22. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nervous Tissue Body’s communication system is made of nervous tissue Brain Nerves Spinal cord

23. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nervous tissue.

24. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Neuron Basic unit of nervous tissue Nerve cell body Fibers Dendrite Axon Nerve

25. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Neuroglia Neuroglia (glial cells) protect the brain and the axons.

26. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-6: What is the basic cellular unit of the nervous system and what is its function? Checkpoint 4-7: What are the nonconducting support cells of the nervous system called?

27. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Membranes Thin sheets of tissue Cover a surface Serve as a divider Line a hollow organ or body cavity Anchor an organ Contain cells that secrete lubricants

28. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Epithelial Membranes Several types Serous Mucous Cutaneous

29. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Serous Membranes Three types of serous membranes Pleurae Serous pericardium Peritoneum Organization of the serous membrane Parietal layer Visceral layer

30. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Mucous Membranes Vary in structure and function Trap and remove foreign particles Protect deeper tissue Absorb food materials

31. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-8: Epithelial membranes have an outer layer of epithelium. Which are the three types of epithelial membranes?

32. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Connective Tissue Membranes Connective tissue without epithelium Synovial membranes Meninges Fibrous bands or sheets that support and hold organs Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia Deep fascia Membranes that support organs Fibrous pericardium Periosteum Perichondrium

33. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Membranes and Disease Membranes play a part in disease process Become inflamed or infected Act as pathways to spread disease in the body Targeted by connective tissue or collagen diseases

34. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Benign and Malignant Tumors Abnormal growth of cells is called a tumor or neoplasm. Benign Malignant Cancer

35. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Benign Tumors Do not invade other tissues or spread to other sites Papilloma Adenoma Lipoma Osteoma Myoma Angioma Nevus Chondroma

36. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Malignant Tumors Classified according to tissues of origin Carcinoma Sarcoma Classified according to cells of origin Neuroma Glioma Lymphoma Leukemia

37. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-9: What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?

38. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Symptoms of Cancer Unusual bleeding or discharge Persistent indigestion Chronic hoarseness or cough Changes in the color or size of moles Sore that does not heal Unusual lump White patches in mouth or white spots on tongue Weight loss Pain

39. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Diagnosis of Cancer Microscopic study of tissue or cells Radiography Ultrasound (ultrasonography) Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Positron emission tomography (PET) Tumor marker tests Genetic tests Staging

40. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Treatment of Cancer Treatment methods may be combined Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Hormone receptor blockers Angiogenesis blockers

41. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 4-10: What are the three standard approaches to the treatment of cancer?

42. Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissues and Aging Tissues lose elasticity as they age Skin Blood vessels Tendons and ligaments Bones Muscles